Impact of International Business in India

Impact of International Business in India India has emerged as a potential and a diversified market for the Western firms and other foreign investors. Earlier establishing a business in India was a challenging assignment, but economic reforms, brought in by different Indian governments over a period of time, have smoothen the course of entry for Western multinationals and other business magnets. Still it is considered difficult and a different proposal to do business in or with India, mainly because of its different business and socio- economic culture. Western multinationals/ investors dealing with India so far had to adopt major changes in their business style in order to serve effectively to their customers. This write up examines in detail the prevalent business, socio- economic, and cultural environments that western multinationals have to face in India, as well the implications of their adopted major changes in business practices to succeed in India. Business, socio- economic and cultural environments of India Family Business and non corporate culture Despite revolutionary changes since independence of India, the basic business style has remained the same as of family controlled businesses. Leading business families, from Birlas and Tatas to Reliance, keep total control on business of companies promoted by them. Major management posts in these business houses are always held by responsible family members. Though joint family system is slowly disappearing, but still there is a common tendency in Indian families to own a business. Another prominent feature of the Indian economy is that non- corporate sector has the largest share of the total business of the country. They are the largest employment providers. Growth in non- corporate sector is much faster than even in the corporate sector. Non- corporate sector is engaged in wide spread manufacturing and service industries, and these are again mostly family business. Non corporate sector work according to available conditions and develop their business models suiting prevalent conditions and systems. This way India is a high powered distant society. Western businesses will have to accept family authority while negotiating business deals with non- corporate as well as family controlled corporate sector. Multi Linguistic and cultural market with political challenges The business language in urban India is local language mixed with English. It is also mixed with Hindi and state dialects making it difficult for a casual business operator to negotiate. There are wide ranges of languages spoken in diverse India. Accordingly, perfection in one language by a Western business negotiator does not mean that he or she can represent his/ her business deals effectively in all parts of India. Though middle class rules the roast in India, but this class mostly believes in eastern culture, making it imperative for Western multinationals to adopt eastern tastes in their goods and services being marketed in India. At the same time it is difficult for foreign companies to standardize their products on national basis because of diversity in regional culture; but it may be possible in India on regional basis. Also foreign MNCs need to find out the consumers tastes in India before launching their products or services in Indian markets. One thing is necessary to understand that economic growth in India has brought up its middle class to the fore front; and at the same time rural poor are largely isolated from the achievements of growth.With a robust and working democratic system, India is a federal republic where bulk of executive power rests with prime minister and his or her cabinets. As a nation state, India presents a vast mosaic of hundreds of different ethnic groups, religious sects, and social castes. About one third of population lives in urban areas; an overwhelming majority of the remainder is engaged in the agricultural sector.(Michael F. Martin and K.Alan Kronstadt, August 31, 2007)Â  [i]Â  An Indian is so politically informed or connected that it would not be wrong to say that every Indian treats himself/ herself as a politician in one sense or the other. With the result every political event in India has great impact on consumer markets. Politically there is a relaxed atmosphere at present for foreign direct investments (FDIs). But businesses often get disturbed with unwanted political rallies and events. Very frequently opposite national political parties call for nation- wide strikes (called bandh in Indian dialect) on any hot issue. The entire economic process gets disturbed and with the result corporations and other businesses suffer huge losses. For example on July 5, India went on strike. The country closed down at several places after opposition parties protested an increase in the price of petrol or gasoline. (In India, the government controls petrol prices). The Associated Chamber of Commerce and Industry estimated that nationwide strike caused a production loss of US $ 2.8 billion (Human Resources, July 29, 2010)Â  [ii]Â  . Indian economy is also badly bitten by the inflationary bug. Even necessities of life have become costlier for public at large. Average citizens find it difficult to save something for luxuries. Still luxuries like cars, foreign tours etc are being sold at rates that envy other economies of the world. But this is a fact of urban India only, where black marketing and corruption is rampant. Corrupt politician and business people make ugly display of their wealth. There is no doubt that Indian economy is growing, but this growth is lopsided. The required growth in infrastructural sector is lagging behind. This has created a real bottleneck for long term growth and economic expansion. This information is necessary for Western MNCs to decide about their target sector as well the type of market available in India for their products and services. India is a free economy and taking advantage of this, many Western MNCs are also raising part of their capital investment from India itself. BPO business brought in by multinationals in India succeeded because the MNCs exploited the conditions to best of their advantage. The shortage of infrastructure for BPO business was a matter of concern for MNCs. But MNCs found that building infrastructure in India is much cheaper than developing the same in western countries. India is a developing country with huge populations. Naturally the availability of educated labor force at lower prices was a distinct advantage that MNCs exploited to enhance their overall profitability. Indian young population has proved to be more hospitable and courteous than their counterparts in Western countries. Educated young people have a lot of command in English language making it very easy and economical to get the customer convinced about the product being marketed by BPOs. The result is that BPO business in India has become not only a profitable for MNCs, but a bread earner for thousands and lakhs of its staff without pressing government resource s. Changes adopted by international firms to serve customers in India Adoption with local conditions or changing of business rules provide international business to grow firmly. Western multinationals have taken many rational and objective decisions keeping in view marketing and other conditions prevalent in India. Changes in business style are necessary as the risks in the international business are not the same as in domestic markets. Some of changes adopted by Western MNCs to serve their Indian customers are discussed hereunder. Organized Retailing and direct marketing Barring exceptions like Bata stores and few others, retailing in India so far has been fragmented and not organized. Organized retail stores and trendy chain stores to catch the young customer is be one of the major changes brought in India by Western MNCs to serve and attract their customers. Though the trend is same as in western countries, but organization style has changed. Family owned businesses are being attracted to own retail stores and develop a chain of stores as franchisee or under other arrangements with MNCs. A few successful examples are McDonalds, Levis Strauss and others. Organized retailing is growing in India. With the results manufacturers are loosing their positions. Even local brands like Pantloons and Shoppers Stop are offering competitions to manufacturers owned stores. An organized franchisee style of retailing has ushered. It is also seen that family owned businesses seek franchisees of western MNCs. Many multinationals are entering Indian market though partnerships with local giants in the organized retail sector. Direct marketing is another change brought in by the MNCs. Earlier joint venture technique of marketing has changed to direct marketing. Products are not being sold on agency basis. Goods are not manufactured but traded by MNCs in chain stores either owned by them or their franchisees. Earlier the trend was to find low cost manufacturing location in India for producing goods in India, and then marketing the goods by entering into joint venture agreements with local giants. No doubt MNCs are still benefitting from low cost production, but the trend has changed to offer the products and services directly to customers. Creating products to serve Indian markets One of the major changes that western MNCs have made is the introduction of products and services that suits Indian style of consumption. This means not only developing affordable products and services that deliver value to the customer, but also finding right kind of distribution channels and designing credit systems to permit the access of the poor to financial services. (Michael John Baker and Susan Hurt, 2007)Â  [iii]Â  In fact MNCs are taking full advantage of availably of large number of engineers, technicians, and other experts to introduce products as per Indian tastes of consumptions. Take the case of US Pizza Hut selling pizzas through its outlets in India. What they have brought to India is not an American style pizza but a way of serving food in a nice, clean, bright place at a price an ordinary family can afford. But the food they serve is what Indians like. In many cities in India, Dominos offers a 100 percent vegetarian pizza, cooked in a separate kitchen where no me at items are allowed. (Subash C. Jain, 2003)Â  [iv]Â   In fact marketing style the product has also changed by Western MNCs. For example creating small packs with simple designs and less volume at affordable prices will not only boost sale but also create brand awareness among a particular section of consumers. Introduction of financing schemes with marketing of products create an urge to buy among those who cannot afford the goods temporarily. This is certainly not unethical if the interest rates are reasonable. This is because reasonability is the basic rule of marketing. Another marketing idea floated by MNCs is to provide products and services on rental or lease basis instead of making a direct sale. This may take shape of hire- purchase sale or simple renting if the consumer does not want to purchase the product. Conclusion Indian market has peculiar characteristics. Owning family business is still the rage in Indian society that is multi linguistic with Hindi or English as link language. Inflation is very high and the conditions in India always remain political charged. Abundant educated labor force is available at reasonably cheaper wages. Corrupted people flaunt the use of money in an ugly way. Under such circumstances different democratically elected Indian governments created liberalized conditions for MNCs and other foreign investors to enter the Indian market. Businesses like BPO units succeeded immensely in India. Foreign investments also established varied businesses for their customers in India. For satisfying customers in India, these MNCs made concessions and changes in their traditional style of operations. Direct marketing and organized retailing are the major changes bought in by MNCs to satisfy their Indian clientele. Products also changed to suite Indian tastes of consumptions. Leasing and hire- purchase selling have become style of MNCs to satisfy their customers in India.

Organizational Structure and Design Essay

1.1 Introduction Samsung India Electronics Ltd is a subsidiary of Samsung Electronics Corporation headquartered in Seoul, Korea. The company was incorporated in the year 1995. The company is having their head office at Delhi and branch office at 16 locations all over the India. Their manufacturing facilities are located at Noida in Uttar Pradesh and Sriperumbudur in Chennai. The company is having two R&D centres in India, at Bangalore and Noida. Both the R&D centres are involved in cutting edge research and development. The company is dealing in the business of IT, Consumer Electronics and Household businesses. They provide high technology consumer electronics. Their products in India are colour television, colour monitors, refrigerators, washing machines, mobile phones, microwave ovens etc. The company is the first in India to introduce fuzzy logic based washing machines, silver nano refrigerator and flat screen TVs. Samsung phones support five Indian languages, namely Hindi, Marathi, Bangla, Punjabi and Tamil. 1.2 Organization Strategy Strategically the electronics industry was considered suitable for countries with poor natural endowment and high skilled labour like Korea. This industry required labour intensity, knowledge intensity but low input  requirements of energy and raw materials. Samsung electronics has not only utilised status-quo resources but also developed dynamic capabilities as it rose to the top. Aggressive and risk-taking investment behaviour in search of entrepreneurial rent and the effective policy of managing technology development contributed to the extraordinary achievement of Samsung Electronics. The company’s remarkable transformation over the last decade or so can shed light on how a firm’s dynamic capabilities, the ability to improve its O-advantages by reconfiguration, transformation and learning, contribute to its home country’s idiosyncratic development path. The company transformed itself from a sub-contractor to a manufacturer to a leading creator of many electronic components by harnessing a talented team. Samsung took quite a few risks initially to achieve its goals, it kept its winning team refreshed by constant vigilance and talent renewal. Samsung employees put leadership ahead of excellent personal development courses and structures which Samsung Electronics evolved in the 2000s. The same quality could be seen in the company’s Suwon campus. That leadership came primarily from Yun Jong Yong and Lee Kun-hee above him. There was full inter relationship between the Samsung group and Samsung electronics which also lead to a coordinated and smooth functioning of Samsung. 1.3 Organization Structure Samsung Electronics organizes its businesses according to its different characteristics in technology, markets and consumers as either Digital Media & Communications (DMC) or Device Solutions (DS) division, strengthening their independent operating structure. DMC is grouped into Consumer Electronics (CE) and IT & Mobile Communications (IM) divisions. The CE division took charge of the visual display business department and home appliances department. The IM division is in charge of managing wireless businesses, IT Solutions, Network business, digital imaging displays and the Media Solution Center. This restructuring reflects changes which were made to the workforce with the hiring of soft power experts which has become more important than ever  in the ‘Smart’ age. They have already announced their intention to make a paradigm shift by becoming a soft driven company and established a ‘Software’ center in order to increase their software capacity until it’s on a par with their world renowned manufacturing. Changes in the Device Solutions (DS) division also took place including expansion of the organizations in charge of software, controller and solution development to ensure separate teams for each. The expansion of the software related organizations was done to realize Samsung Electronics vision of creating new values and experiences by combining Samsung’s existing strength in hardware design with optimized software and an emotionally appealing user interface. Samsung Electronics also expanded the organization in charge of bio and medical device business and expanded the Bio Lab at Samsung Technology Research Center into the Bio Research Center. They also hired bio material experts to strengthen their research in this area and increased support for bio similar and bio medical research. Organization Chart Refer Exhibit 1 for detailed description of Samsung’s organizational chart with respect to Samsung mobile division of India. 1.4 Organization Culture It has become increasingly important for employees to have vested stake in the growth potential of its company. People expect a participatory work environment where they can feel a sense of dignity, pride, and ownership of the organization’s vision. Samsung Electronics strives to build a creative organizational culture, and acknowledges that the investment they make in strengthening the core competencies of their employees will have a direct impact on their competitiveness. They actively promote a flexible organizational culture that allows employees to pursue a healthy work-life balance, in a dynamic, creative and challenging work environment that is not risk-averse. As an international company they embrace individuals with  different background and abilities. Work and Life Balance through Work Smart: Establishing a Work Culture that Encourages Learning and Development: Samsung Electronics has established a Creative Development Research Institute System to provide employees with opportunities to pursue creative new ideas that take full advantage of their talents and professional passions in a way that encourages taking risks. This new initiative encourages employees to be more entrepreneurial in developing creative ideas that can become new businesses. Once an employee’s plan is accepted, they may concentrate on the project as a member of a task force for up to one year. During this period, they will be free from their usual responsibilities and may receive a dedicated work space, development expenses and necessary equipment as appropriate. Successful outcomes are encouraged through an incentive program; however they are not subject to penalty if they don’t achieve their goals. Some of the other key-features of Samsung’s culture are: * Talent based recruiting of Software and Design experts * Diversity Management * Employees Health and Safety * Integrity Management * Increasing Social Contribution 1.5 Technology Employed: The organization’s core technology is manufacturing which consists of raw material inputs, a transformation work process that changes and adds value to the raw material and produces the ultimate product or service output that is sold to the consumers in the environment. Core Technology On the other hand, Samsung Electronics has also a department work process  that is important to the organization but is not directly related to its primary mission and that we call as non-core technology. For Samsung Electronics, that major non-core technology is Research and Development (R&D) which transforms ideas into new products. Some of the other departments of non-core technology are Human Resources, Accounting, and Marketing etc. Refer Exhibit 2 for Samsung’s Mobile division R&D office structure in India. 1.6 Organization Size: Samsung Electronics has a total of 196 subsidiaries around the world. As of the end of 2011, Samsung Electronics’ total employment stood at 101,973 working in Korea and 119,753 outside of Korea, with the overseas workforce surpassing the domestic workforce for the first time in the history of Samsung Electronics. Currently, Samsung’s total employment is more than 344,000 employees globally.

Gac Compare and Contrast Essay - 1445 Words

----------------------- GAC008 Assessment Event 4: Academic Research Essay Compare and Contrast: Places Where People Live and Work Student’s Name: Teresa Ding Student ID#: SHSA23052 Teacher: La Roi Williams Due Date: 15th April 2013 Word Count: 1041 Question: Compare and Contrast attitudes toward students taking a gap year in your country and in U.K. Use specific examples and provide appropriate evidence to explain your answer. To take a gap year or not to take a gap year? Now, this question has gained more attention than it used to be. A gap year is a period of time in which students disengage from curricular education and†¦show more content†¦Basically Chinese parents regard sending their children abroad as a risk-free investment. Usually Chinese families spend all their money supporting their children. So they want their children go back to China with a degree which can help them get a job as soon as possible. Therefore Chinese parents think their children won’t benefit from taking a gap year. At the same time, most Chinese students study abroad in order to increase self-worth and foster personal competitiveness in employment, so taking a gap year is not something they would consider. Most colleges in the U.K encourage students to take a gap year, simply because students then arrive a little more mature, a little more ready to study and a little more worldly. University like Oxford are very supportive about

Is Human Cloning Legal Essay - 1147 Words

Human cloning has not been legally used in humans because many people and experts are still discussing its effectiveness, worthiness and effect on humanity. Human cloning, also known as human genetic engineering, can be divided into two main types, which are therapeutic cloning, growing cloned tissue from individual, and reproductive cloning, genetically identical copy of an individual. Human cloning have drawn people’s attention because people are become more concerned about health problems and tried to find a methodology that can help them live longer and better; human cloning seems to be one of the possible choices. However, it is still being discussed its trade-off between benefits and risks. Despite medical benefits and advancement of†¦show more content†¦In addition, human cloning in the form of reproductive cloning may provide an alternative way of having a genetically related offspring for infertile and same sex couples. Chambers (2002) Staicu (2012) state th at reproductive cloning may be a good solution for homosexual couples to have a child, and it can help infertile couples to overcome their health problems. As a result, a number of health-related benefits seem to be found in both types of human cloning and these benefits could provide a better life for people. Human cloning not only has several medical benefits but can also contribute to the advanced knowledge of humanity. The theory of human cloning can be learned, adapted and extended to other fields in many ways. This biotechnology has destroyed the limit of people’s knowledge about the human body in depth, which will provide many further benefits. Learning more about disease therapy and extend it to the pharmaceutical field is one of these benefits. Embryonic stem cell and cloning research could be used as cellular models to understand the cause of the diseases and could be used to test new drugs (Devolder Savulesca, 2006). Furthermore, therapeutic cloning has a successful tendency of curing several genetic disorders such as diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. For instance, in January 2005, the Japanese teamShow MoreRelatedShould Human Reproductive Cloning Be Legal Essay834 Words   |  4 PagesThe matter of human reproductive cloning is a comp lex topic, in which there are many issues that must be addressed before any actions take place. Any decision based on reproductive cloning will not be clear-cut, and instead will host a multitude of ideas. In this paper, I will determine, through philosophical thinking, if human reproductive cloning is morally appropriate. First and foremost, it is important to discuss what human cloning is. It is the conception of in vitro embryos that producesRead MoreWhy Is Cloning? Living A Wonderful Life?1668 Words   |  7 PagesWhy Cloning? Imagine living a wonderful life. A life full of friends and loving relationships. A healthy life. Celebrating holidays with friends and families and finally starting to fall in love with the person might†. Then all of a sudden your wonderful life comes to a screeching halt when you go to the doctor and is diagnosed with HIV, a fatal disease with no cure. You’re now faced with countless decisions such as whether or not you want to be heavily medicated. More medications could lead toRead MoreLiving A Wonderful Life : A Life Full Of Friends And Loving Relationships1666 Words   |  7 Pagesup. Cloning could provide an efficient way to find resistance and cures to diseases while providing an option to infertile couples. Human cloning is the process of using nuclear transfer, (a process of dna transfer) to a human cell in order to grow human cells. Human cloning is necessary and inevitable and research in the fields of reproductive and therapeutic cloning should continue to develop. Human cloning should be legal because reproductive cloning is inevitable and therapeutic cloning providesRead MoreAnimal Cloning : A Major Form Of Assisted Animal Reproduction895 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal cloning has recently become a major form of assisted animal reproduction. Cloning is used on farms to reproduce the healthiest animals in an effort to increase production of healthy foods. In 1986, Steen Malte Willadsen was the first to publish details about the first mammal born through nuclear transfer cloning. Scientists support this because they believe that the use of cloning is evolutionary and is leaving a positive impact on the world. Although discoveries are still being made withRead MoreThe Cloning Should Not Be Banned By The Human Body886 Words   |  4 Pages Cloning Dolly, the sheep in 1996 was a momentous moment in scientific history. Scientists removed the nucleus from one of Dolly s skin cells and engineered an egg to be insert with then nucleus. 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Most people in the U.S. feel like cloning is morally wrong and takes innocent lives, but others think that it is beneficial and could be a big advancement in modern science. Cloning to produce humans has been outlawed in most countries, but in some, cloning for therapeutic reasons is still a dispute. Cloning can lead to revolutionary medical treatments such as cures for cancer, diabetes, Parkinsons, Alzheimers, MultipleRead MoreCloning, The, And False In terpretations Of Cloning1424 Words   |  6 PagesCloning, an ethical issue that has been pressed across the globe, has become a substantial debate throughout a majority of nations. The incorporation of a new type of reproduction in the United States has a plentiful amount of benefits for certain animals and objects, but duplicates of humans is hard to comprehend for many people across America. Currently, cloning is an interesting topic that could become a new way to improve reproduction of animals and humans, prevent diseases, and increase theRead MoreThe Issue Of Reproductive Cloning833 Words   |  4 PagesReproductive cloning has been shown to be unethical through scientific evidences. Human cloning has proven to cause uncertain health defects, contradicted religious beliefs, and diminished the value of life. Reproductive cloning is currently prohibited in the United States, but in other countries, it is legal. Some individuals have started protesting against human cloning. So lutions to end this horrendous procedure is to enforce reproductive cloning to be prohibited throughout countries/continentsRead MoreCloning And Its Implications On Human Cloning1497 Words   |  6 PagesCloning and Its Sociobiological Implications Picture this: walking down a street and seeing someone who looks exactly like you. 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Shakespeares World Essay - 3144 Words

Shakespeares World nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Almost every nation on earth reads, studies and performs the works of William Shakespeare. No writer of any country, nor any age, has ever enjoyed such universal popularity. Neither has any writer been so praised. As William Hazlitt observed, quot;The most striking peculiarity of Shakespeares mind was its generic quality, its power of communication with all other minds.quot; It is perhaps this quality that has earned Shakespeare the supreme accolade, that of lending his name to an era. Other than a monarch or an emperor, few can boast that a time or place is so exclusively theirs. As we talk about Napoleonic Europe or Victorian England, so we speak of Shakespearean London or the Age†¦show more content†¦By his early teens, he had mastered Latin and the art of acting. He took part in the schools annual play every Whitsun. By his early teens he had moved into the upper school where he studied logic, poetry and history. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In November 1582, at eighteen, he married Anne Hathaway, and by twenty- one he had fathered three children: twins, Hamnet and Judith, and their older sister Susanna. In 1587, when Shakespeare was twenty-three, the premier acting company The Queens Men visited Stratford. Just before their performance one of the players died and Shakespeare stood in for that person. His natural talent so impressed the players that he was offered a permanent place in the troupe. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Shakespeare began his new career at James Burbages Theatre in London, where he made extra money by looking after the patrons horses. Before long his writing potential was noticed by the Earl of Southampton, who used his influence to make Shakespeare a full-time actor and eventually a dramatist. In 1592 the playwright Robert Greene warned the countrys most distinguished dramatists that Shakespeare was their greatest potential rival. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;On 18 April 1593 Shakespeares first poem, Venus and Adonis was patronized by Lord Southampton, and over the next few years he wrote well over 150 published poems. By 1595, Shakespeare was one of the most accomplished dramatistsShow MoreRelatedThe World Of William Shakespeare950 Words   |  4 Pagesexperience in the tapestry, and move on. Once upon a time there was no service that provided assistance in times such as these. If a friend or family member was stabbed or had his brains bashed in, well†¦ someone had to clean it up. Tellingly the world of William Shakespeare was such a time. In the age of man’s revision of his culture and sense of humanity after the dark Middle Ages there was money and fame to be earned in the gossipy tales of mankind’s utter lack of culture and cruel inhumanity. In truth,Read MoreWilliam Shakespeare s All The World s A Stage 1540 Words   |  7 PagesMegan Mackey Professor Raja Atallah English 1102 17 April 2017 Research Paper William Shakespeare once said, All the World’s a Stage —and now his quote can be applied to his literature within his tragedies (William Shakespeare 1). The generation of people today have a much different definition of tragedies than people did during the Shakespearean times. Shakespeare’s tragedies involve a protagonist whose character is developed so that it is clear that he is a heroic figure in the setting of theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Influence On The Course Of World History1440 Words   |  6 PagesEmerson, a famous essayist inspired by Shakespeare’s works. William Shakespeare was a renowned author, poet, actor, and playwright. He has contributed to many components of life today such as; founding modern English language, contributing to literature, contributing to modern theater, and contributing many of his works to modern English. William Shakespeare has greatly impacted the course of world history. William Shakespeare was believed to be born on April 23,1564, in his hometown of Stratford-upon-AvonRead MoreWorld Events Influencing Shakespeare ¨s The Tempest Essay example1277 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"What’s past is Prologue† – William Shakespeare Shakespeare lived and produced much of his famous works during the time when Queen Elizabeth ruled England and Ireland. This era was known as the Elizabethan Era. The world and its people were quickly evolving. It was the â€Å"golden age† of poetry, music and literature. It was in the midst of European exploration that Shakespeare wrote, The Tempest. It would be safe to suggest that many of the worldly events during this time, such as the shipwreck ofRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hometown Of The English Language And The World s Best Dramatist1266 Words   |  6 Pages Although many knew him as a keen businessman in his hometown of Stratford, William Shakespeare is recognized as the greatest writer in the English language and the world s best dramatist. (www.goodreads.com) He wrote hundreds of songs, plays, books, and poems. During his time, his plays were well under-appreciated and a lot of his work did not appear until seven years after his death. Without Shakespeare, th e English language would have never expanded at the rate it did, erasing many common wordsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare is one of the most famous English poet and play writers in the world.600 Words   |  3 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is one of the most famous English poet and play writers in the world. 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Enhancing the works meaning, the allusions and characters reactions to theRead More Brave New World: Utopia Without Shakespeare?1124 Words   |  5 Pages Brave New World:nbsp; Utopia Without Shakespeare?nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The Utopia of the future- something every human seemingly wants, but is it worth it to throw away everything for happiness and live in a world where only a few people can recall a man named Shakespeare? In Aldous Huxleys satirical novel, Brave New World, this cellophaned world, polished and regulated to perfection, is a reality. In this Utopia, people like Bernard Marx, an intelligent and adverse Alpha, the highestRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Brave New World925 Words   |  4 Pagesthe novel, Brave New World, the author, Aldous Huxley strategically incorporates various Shakespearean allusions into his story. The most distinguished allusion throughout the entirety of the novel is to a quote from The Tempest, a play about a sorcerer and his daughter that live together on a remote island. The quote from The Tempest, in which Brave New World derives its name, â€Å"O, wonder!/How many goodly creatures are there here!/How beauteous mankind is! O brave new world,/That has such peopleRe ad More Shakespeare in my World Essay1580 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare in my World These are the forgeries of jealousy: And never, since middle summers spring, Met we on hill, in dale, forest, or mead, By paved fountain or by rushy brook, Or in the beached margent of the sea, To dance our ringlets to the whisteling wind, But with thy brawls thou hast disturbed our sport. ~ Titania A Midsummer Nights Dream 2.1 I first truly gazed upon William Shakespeare during college. I had to do a monologue of Joan of Arc from Henry VI part I. I remember

Ethics of Autonomous Drones in the Military Free Essays

Jared May Professor Elfstrom February 25, 2013 Intro to Ethics A Soldier, Taking Orders From Its Ethical Judgment Center In this article the author Cornelia Dean has three major points that are supported by arguments made by others. The first major important point is the hopeful idea that autonomous robots can perform more ethically in combat situations than any soldier in the same scenario. She states that even the best and most trained soldiers that are in the midst of battle may not always be able to act accordingly with the battlefield rules of engagement that were stated by the Geneva Convention because of possible lashing out from normal human emotions such as anger, fear, resent, and vengefulness. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics of Autonomous Drones in the Military or any similar topic only for you Order Now The second major point Dean wants to show, by the views and studies of others, in her article is that with this possible step in our evolution of military technology we do not want to let this idea fade away. Another major point is if we do develop this technology how would we do so, and if not, would we regret not advancing in this field further many years from now. With all of this information Dean uses to present her ideas there are still major flaws such as, the majority of these ideas and beliefs are theoretical, they still have not been fully tested, there is error in all technologies, and where else would the technological advancements lead artificial intelligence. The first argument providing support for Dean’s major point comes from the research hypothesis and thoughts of a computer scientist at Georgia Institute of Technology named Ronald Arkin. Arkin is currently under contract by the United States Army to design software programs for possible battlefield and current battlefield robots. The research hypothesis of Arkin is that he believes that intelligent autonomous robots can perform much more ethically in the heat of the battlefield than humans currently can. Yet this is just a hypothesis and while there is much research done towards this hypothesis there are still no absolutely positive research information that states an autonomous robot drone can in fact perform better than any soldier on the ground or up in a plane could do. In Arkins hypothesis, he stated that these robots could be designed with no sense of self-preservation. This means that without one of the strongest fears for humans, the fear of death, these robots would be able to understand, compute, and react to situations with out outside extraneous emotions. Although the men and women designing these robot programs may be able to eliminate this psychological problem of scenario fulfillment, which will cause soldiers to retain information that is playing out easier with a bias to pre-existing ideas, it is not always the case that this happens to soldiers. You have to realize that from the second a soldier begins his training he is trained and taught to eliminate the sense of self-preservation. There are isolated incidents with soldier error, but they are and will be corrected by superior officers or their fellow soldiers. Another factor that affects Cornelia Dean’s arguments is that there are errors in all things including technology. Throughout history there have been new uses of technology in warfare but with these come problems and error flaws that have cause and can cause more casualties than needed. With the use of an Automated drone the belief by Dean is that it will be able to decide whether or not to launch an attack on a high priority target whether or not if the target is in a public are and will decide if the civilian casualties would be worth it. But what happens if that drone is only identifying the target and the number of civilians surrounding it? It will not be able to factor in what type of people would be around him such as men, women, or children and any variance of them. The error in this situation would be the drone saying the target is high enough priority and a missile is launched and the civilians were women and children around while a school bus was driving by. The casualties would then instantly out weigh the priority to eliminate a specific target and a human pilot would much easier abort a mission than a predetermined response of an autonomous robot. Although Ronald Arkin believes there are situations that could arise when there may not be time for a robotic device to relay back what is happening to a human operator and wait for how to respond in the situation that could complete a mission, it may be that second of time delay between the robot and human operator that the ethical judgment is made. Also the realization that many robots in which are operated by humans are widely used to detect mines, dispose of or collects bombs, and clear out buildings to help ensure extra safety of our soldiers is a way that robots are already used today as battlefield assistants supports Dean. But all of these machines in the field have moments of failure or error. When the machines do fail it takes a soldier who has trained for that experience to fix and then use it again. If an autonomous drone fails while on a mission it is completely by its self and no human operator to fix it. Then can arise the problem of enemies realizing they were even being monitored and they could gain access to our military technology and can eventually use it against us. Another major point that Cornelia Dean discusses upon is with this possible step in our evolution of military technology we do not want to let this idea fade away. A large part of that is if we do develop this technology how would we do so, and if not, how much would we regret or how much would it affect us for not advancing in this field further many years from now. The argument that if other countries advance upon this faster and better than the United States military we could become less of a world power and be more at risk of attack and war with greater human fatalities is not necessarily true. This situation is important in the sense of keeping up with the other world powers but I believe that the risk for reward is not worth the amount of damage and civilian casualties that could happen from any number of robotic drones and their possible errors. There is a possibility as the technology develops and robots become more and more aware to the point were, Arkin believes that, they can make decisions at a higher level of technological development. Yet if these autonomous robots truly can think for themselves and make decisions brings a whole new possibility of problems of what if the robot can decide something differently than what the developers originally had programmed. Also comes the actual use problem of can the government ethically accept that in early stages of use, even after extraneous testing, there may be accidental casualties. If a robot has any error of making decisions because of how new and un-tested they are any of the possibly terrible results would not be the responsibility of the robot but of the country and government that designed it. The supporting evidence of this article strongly shows that Cornelia Dean will hope that use of these ethically superior autonomous robots will be apart of our military in the near future before the United States fall behind to other super powers in the world. Yet with all of this information Dean uses to present her ideas there are still major flaws such as, the majority of these ideas and beliefs are theoretical, they still have not been fully tested, and that there is error in all technologies. With these major points being enforced with plenty of evidence throughout the article, and with all of the possible negative sides and errors of this argument, it is safe to say that this will be and is a controversial topic of discussion by many governments and all parties involved with this technological advancement. How to cite Ethics of Autonomous Drones in the Military, Papers

Emerging Waterborne Pathogens Essay Example For Students

Emerging Waterborne Pathogens Essay In todays food preparation world waterborne pathogens are becominga real threat. Why? Simply because in todays culture people are quick toblame the food industry for most cases of disintary or other ill effects causedby bacteria. In this paper several things will be discussed. To understand what Im trying to say, you must understand a few keyterms. First lets define waterborne pathogen. A waterborne pathogen is amicro-organism whose ability to cause disease has recently been identified. Now that you know what a waterborne pathogen is lets name a few. 1. Bacteria in the form of,Arcobacter ButzleriHelicobacter PyloriAnd E. Coli2. VirusesRotavirusesand Adenoviruses Type 40 and 413. ProtozoaAcanthamoeba. Each of these possible pathogens has been identified but according tothe WRcs Final Report to the Department of the Environment onWaterborne Pathogens, it is still possible that several unidentified pathogensmay be at large and dangerous. In order to understand how these pathogens work, and how to destroythem we must understand several of the parts that make them up. Some ofthese parts are:MorphologyBiochemical CharacteristicsDetection MethodsCultural characteristicsHealth EffectsRoutes of TransmissionOccurrence in Water SourcesSources of Exposureand Susceptibility to removal or inactivation by conventional watertreatment processes. Each of these parts is used in todays world to identify and destroyexisting, and new pathogens. What happens if someone ingests a pathogen before it is identified?Well that is one reason that the Department of the Environment is soconcerned. Due to current environmental status new pathogens are appearingsemi-daily, and consequently overwhelming those who are working to stopthem. One major example of this is Legionella. Legionella is unique in thefact that 42 strains have been identified, and yet only one is within our abilityto control. So obviously there is a major shortage of knowledge on pathogens,and how to control them. According to the WRCs report to the Department of the EnviromentThe threat which is posed by an organism to contaminate water supplies andcause outbreaks always exists, and furthermore they state that The threatwhich is posed by an organism, in terms of its occurrence and distribution inwater sources and the ability to remove it is often poorly understood and orcompletely unknown.Does this alarm anyone else? Just the thought that our governmentadmits that there are diseases out there that we have no ability to control isalarming. Let alone the fact that the food industry is blamed for most of theproblems that occur due to waterborne pathogens. Lets examine the logic the government uses to explain thisphenomenon, According to data provided by the Environmental ControlAgency, 65% of waterborne pathogens appear in highly populated areas, soaccording to this data most of these pathogens arrive via the water supply tocity areas. This might explain why most new diseases surface in the foodservice industry, due to the fact that most restaurants and other foodproduction facilities are centered in cities. Now that we know there is a problem what can the food industry do tokeep from spreading the ill feelings, and actual medical problems surroundingwaterborne pathogens? Well first of all we all need to recognize the source ofthe problem, and take the appropriate steps to stop it. Supplies of cleansedwater should be on hand. Also if a pathogen has been linked to your place ofbusiness take the recommended steps to identify where the problem is comingfrom and stop it. Furthermore educate your workers about the problem. .u5ed1a6e5d167af1e0d53d45c9246b73c , .u5ed1a6e5d167af1e0d53d45c9246b73c .postImageUrl , .u5ed1a6e5d167af1e0d53d45c9246b73c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5ed1a6e5d167af1e0d53d45c9246b73c , .u5ed1a6e5d167af1e0d53d45c9246b73c:hover , .u5ed1a6e5d167af1e0d53d45c9246b73c:visited , .u5ed1a6e5d167af1e0d53d45c9246b73c:active { border:0!important; } .u5ed1a6e5d167af1e0d53d45c9246b73c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5ed1a6e5d167af1e0d53d45c9246b73c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5ed1a6e5d167af1e0d53d45c9246b73c:active , .u5ed1a6e5d167af1e0d53d45c9246b73c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5ed1a6e5d167af1e0d53d45c9246b73c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5ed1a6e5d167af1e0d53d45c9246b73c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5ed1a6e5d167af1e0d53d45c9246b73c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5ed1a6e5d167af1e0d53d45c9246b73c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5ed1a6e5d167af1e0d53d45c9246b73c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5ed1a6e5d167af1e0d53d45c9246b73c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5ed1a6e5d167af1e0d53d45c9246b73c .u5ed1a6e5d167af1e0d53d45c9246b73c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5ed1a6e5d167af1e0d53d45c9246b73c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hermaphroditism EssayEducation never hurt anyone. In conclusion the food industry is greatly wronged by the generalpublic when it comes to identifying the causes of certain diseases. The onlyway that this problem will ever be resolved is by grater education of theproblem. Works CitedThe main source for this paper was Http://www.awwarf.comand the Department of Environmental Conservation final report to the Department of the Environment