Lifestyle or Medication Essay

Chronic constipation can be prevented or controlled by diet and lifestyle changes that increase the speed at which stools travel through the intestines. If these changes do not help medications or surgery may be the next approach. These are some of the recommended lifestyle changes to prevent or control chronic constipation. The first step is to gradually increase your intake of fiber, exercise at least four days a week, and take bathroom breaks. Additional options to relive constipation are laxatives such as: fiber supplements, lubricants, and stool softeners. Your doctor may prescribe medications that draw water into your intestines. There are some factors that might make these lifestyle changes difficult to accomplish. These factors include the type of work you do. You may be a person who sits a computer most of the day. In this case you will need to come up with a time to exercise (early morning or lifter work). Taking fiber supplements could create a problem at work. You will need to make a schedule to take your fiber, without the risk of interrupting your job responsibilities. The suggested time for taking fiber would be early morning, or after dinner. I would choose a lifestyle change for constipation as opposed to medications. Diet and exercise can not only aid in constipation but it also helps other conditions in your digestive system such as hemorrhoids. On the other hand if you suffer with constipation after making ta lifestyle change then it is time to see a doctor for professional help. When you chose to make a change in your lifestyle, it becomes a healthy habit that can enrich your life, and help you become healthier individual. Constipation can be controlled or prevented and the choice is up to you. Make a lifestyle change today. References The Mayo Staff. (1998-2014). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/constipation/basics/complications/con-20032773 WebMD. (2005-2014). Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/constipation-relief-12/default.htm

Influence & Detachment in the Picture of Dorian Gray

In Oscar Wilde’s only novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, many influences are at play throughout the book. The relationships between the characters are all about the influence they have on each other’s life. However, out of them all, one of the characters stands out as a more detached figure who has mastered the art of influencing without being influenced by others himself: Lord Henry Wotton.To study the different forms of influences in the book, we shall first focus on the link between art and influence before turning to the study of the influence of Lord Henry and Basil on Dorian, to finally discuss the effect of all the influences on Dorian and debate over whether Dorian can be considered as an evil character at the end of the book. The first character who embodies the link between art and influence is Sybil. From the start, Sybil is a character that is only depicted through her art.She is an actress and all her life is devoted to acting to the point that the frontier between her life and her act is not always very clear to her and to the reader. She even makes her story with Dorian sounds like a fairy tale depicting him as a prince, â€Å"Prince Charming†, coming to rescue them from Mr. Isaacs to whom they owe money: â€Å"We don’t want him any more, Mother. Prince Charming rules life for us now. † Just like Dorian, Sybil is a sort of creation which accounts for her suggestibility. She is what her mother and Mr.Isaacs made her. Her mother does not want her to â€Å"think of anything but [her] acting† and because she ignores everything about real life, she lives the roles she plays as real life which is precisely what makes her such a great actress. And it is her talent as an actress that arouses Dorian’s interest. Yet, by enabling Sybil to discover the vanity of acting through her discovery of real love, Dorian ruins Sybil’s talent. And by ruining her talent he ruins his interest in her which leads him t o despise her and leave her.Clearly, Dorian’s influence on Sybil’s life and art is crucial but she is not the only character influenced by Dorian. Dorian’s portrait is described in the book as Basil’s masterpiece and it is so because Basil had never been as inspired by a subject before. The first time Basil saw Dorian he tried to avoid meeting him and justifies his doing so by saying that he â€Å"did not want any external influence in [his] life†. This sheds light on the fact that he already knew before even talking to Dorian that his influence on him and his art would be so great.And it is the very influence of Dorian that enabled Basil to reach a new level in his creation. Not only has Dorian allowed Basil to achieve â€Å"the best thing [he] ha[s] ever done† – according to Lord Henry – in painting Dorian’s portrait but he has also inspired him in every piece of art he has painted since he met Dorian, as shown in this extract: â€Å"Some subtle influence passed from him to me, and for the first time in my life I saw in the plain woodland the wonder I had always looked for, and always missed. It is clear that meeting Dorian is a real turning point in Basil’s artistic life. However Dorian cannot be described as a mere source of inspiration to Basil; he is his muse who involves more than inspiration but also adoration and idolatry. The extent of Dorian’s influence on Basil’s art and life is made obvious when Basil does not want to expose the portrait and says â€Å"I have put too much of myself into it†.When Lord Henry asks Basil more details on how he met Dorian and how it changed dramatically his life as an artist, it becomes clearer and clearer that Basil feelings for Dorian are feelings of love. And those feelings bring Basil to contradict himself on what he thinks art should be. After being so eloquent on Dorian’s influence on his art, he seems to regret the way he felt and thought and explains that he was â€Å"foolish† of thinking so: â€Å"Even now I cannot help feeling that it is a mistake to think that the passion one feels in creation is ever really shown in the work one creates. After adopting that way of thinking, Basil’s painting gradually â€Å"go[es] off† as Henry later says: â€Å"It seemed to me to have lost something (†¦). When you and he ceased to be great friends, he ceased to be a great artist. † If Dorian’s portrait is Basil’s masterpiece, the portrait’s role in the story is not limited to being a great piece of art and the picture can be considered as a character in its own right.

American Indians Essay Research Paper American IndiansThroughout

American Indians Essay, Research Paper American Indians Throughout the history of the United States, American Indians have be treated ill. Ever since the white work forces crossed the Atlantic ocean 200 old ages ago till the mid 1900 s, the hapless intervention and violent death of Indians neer ceased. US Policies passed between the Revolutionary War and the mid 1900 s hurt American Indians and set them at an utmost disadvantage. Before the Revolutionary War, the first intimation that the relationship between the American Indians and the white people would be rocky was when the British ordered the Proclamation of 1763. It prohibited any white colonists to settle West of the Appalachian Mountains because of legion struggles with the American Indians. After the Revolutionary War, the construct of Manifest Destiny, to spread out the state to the Pacific Ocean and perchance Canada and Mexico, motivated many Americans to look beyond their districts. After the Revolutionary War, they successfully gained all the land E of the Appalachian Mountains, from the St. Lawrence River to the 31st analogue. When the United States signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1783, it gave them the Great Lakes and Mississippi. The United States were able to spread out even more after they were able to press the Native Americans to give up their lands in the Northwest District in 1784 and 1785. In 1802, all the provinces had given up their districts to the federal authorities as portion of the new Constitution. Most significantly, when North Carolina gave up its districts, it stopped doing payments that were guaranteed to the Indians in earlier pacts. The United States were to pay off the debt, but they failed to make so. A big part to the enlargement of the United States was acquired through the Louisiana Purchase from France in 1803. Then in 1819, Florida was purchased from the Spaniards. Texas freed itself from Mexico in 1845, became an independent province, and joined the United States. Last, in 1848 the last major land the United States obtained was Californ ia and New Mexico from the Mexican Cession. On the seventy-fifth birthday of the state, the United States had fulfilled its Manifest Destiny and its boundary lines crossed the full North American Continent ( Jones, Pg. 9-12 ) . The problem for the American Indian began here. With all the new land acquired, many white Americans headed to the West and mid-west to settle. During these colonies, the Indians got in the manner. The colonists were taking their land off from them and the white colonists killed the Indians to acquire rid of their jobs easy. In the heads of many white Americans, the best manner to work out the job with Indians interfering was to kill off them. The first major conflict that erupted between the Indians and the Americans over land ownership and Indian intervention from the Americans occurred during the War of 1812. In 1813, the Indians along with their Alliess the British, fought the Americans at the Battle of the Thames River. Here Tecumseh died. Tecumseh was the leader of the Shawnee Tribe who besides led and united many Indian folks to drive the Americans off of their land. After he died, the Indians lost an of import leader and hence lost their sense of way and stopped contending fo r awhile. In 1828, Andrew Jackson, the war hero who defeated the Creeks and British became the new President of the United States. Andrew Jackson was considered a frontier adult male. The Americans on the frontier looked up to him and expected him to hold a no-nonsense policy toward the Indians ( Jones, Pg. 19 ) . The Cherokee Indians were the first Indians to be a victim of the Jackson policy. At the clip, the Cherokees were the most comfortable Indian state. The white colonists in the country began to bust the Cherokees. The federal authorities did nil about this. But when the Cherokees retaliated against the white colonists, the Cherokees were tried and punished badly. Finally, the Cherokees got fed up and appealed to the federal authorities and worked ferociously to maintain the pact duties that required the United States federal authorities to protect the Cherokees and their lands. But the federal authorities said that the white colonists who took their land were excessively legion to be moved and therefore were unable to assist the Indians. So alternatively of following the pact with the Cherokees, the federal authorities under the Jackson disposal took land off from them. The Cherokees brought their instance to the Supreme Court to seek justness. Rather, the United States Senate ratified the Treaty of New Echota and President Jackson signed the pact into jurisprudence leting the authorities to take all Cherokees from their land ( Satz Pg. 20 ) . This determination by President Jackson was the first in a series of monolithic Indian remotion ( Gilbert Pg.23 ) . Finally, the Cherokees were forced to fly to Indian Land, besides known as Oklahoma. After the successful remotion of the Cherokees, the federal authorities decided to take the Choctaws, Creeks, and Chickasaws to Oklahoma every bit good. The Indians were harassed by the Whites and suffered from diseases while going to Oklahoma on the trail known as the Trails of Tears ( Gilbert Pg. 27,28 ) . In 1832, US troop s chased the Sauk state across the Mississippi River. They killed at least 200 Sauks. As a consequence of this inhumane act, the federal authorities gave the staying Sauks their ain land in Iowa. Most of the remotions made by the United States authorities were conducted without believing about the comfort or wellness of the Indians. Most of the clip, they were conducted with ferociousness ( Jones, Pg. 23 ) . The Indians were forced to walk 100s of stat mis because the authorities did non supply them with good transit. Besides, the United States authorities promised lodging, nutrient, farm supplies, and farm animal to get down them out at their new locations, but they turned out to be false promised and hopes for the Indians. In most instances, the Indians were normally dropped off in the wilderness and left there to last on hardly nil. Other times when they reached their new locations, before they knew it, they were being removed to another location. This procedure was repeated over and over until the Westward Movement. The Westward Movement caused even more problems for American Indians. The Westward Movement began after gold was found in California. Many colonists and gold diggers traveled to the West for many different grounds. The authorities prepared to seek and forestall any struggle and confrontation between the Whites and the Indians before it happened by directing the US Army to modulate. They built garrisons and forts for this ground. Army functionaries were sent west to do understandings and pacts with the Indians. Besides, their occupation was to do certain that the pacts and understanding were non to be violated by both parties. From 1778-1871, the federal authorities made 389 pacts with the Indian states. The conditions of the pacts were that if the United States were to take any of the Indians billion estates of land, so the authorities would pay for the land and give them one-year rentes and supplies. Besides, the Indians would ever hold land for themselves. These lands would be free from revenue enhancement. Unfortunately, the pacts were frequently broken. Settlers ignored the pacts and invaded and settled on Indian district guaranteed under the pact. The Fort Laramie Treaty, which was signed in 1868 is an illustration of a broken pact ( Utley Pg.61,86 ) . The Indians were given sole rights to the sacred land of the Black Hills. Then in 1874, when gold was discovered at that place, the white gold diggers and mineworkers ignored the pact and invaded the Indian district. When these colonists invaded their land and the authorities did non make anything about it, the Indians took action and attacked the colonists. The victim of these Indian foraies felt that the authorities should be protecting them from the Indians, because they felt they had non done anything incorrect. Again, the authorities did non make anything. So this clip the colonists retaliated against the Indians by themselves. Besides killing guiltless Indians and occupying their land, the white colonists showed no regard for the land. They destroyed the grass and tree, about killed all the game for pleasance that the Indians depended on for endurance. By 1871, tenseness a nd struggle between the Indians and the colonists grew even stronger. The white people wanted the authorities to give them entree to Indian land while the Indians wanted the authorities to maintain their word, follow the pact, and protect their lands. In order to run into the demands of the white people, the federal authorities decided to hold a new policy. The policy was to hold no more pacts with the Indians. They were no longer be considered as independent states. Hostile Indians were to be captured by the US ground forces and set in Indian reserves. If they resisted to travel to a reserve they were considered hostile. To do it easier to direct all the Indians to the reserves, the authorities urged white huntsmans and sportswomans to kill off the American bisons. This was the most of import game that the Indians depended on to populate. Between 1872 and 1874, white huntsmans and sportswomans killed about four million American bisons, go forthing about 150,000 ( Brash Pgs. 62, 66,67 ) . Reservation life was awful for the Indians. Most of the Indian reserve were wasteland. They were inhabitable. Indians were frequently expected to farm on these barren, which was rather impossible. Indian Reservations became crowded as more and more American indians were being pushed and moved off their ain land. Another job was that the Indians were frequently sent to reserves that were non suited for them. For illustration, the Navajos, Indians who live in the hot desert, were sent to a reserve across the state to Florida. And the Sioux Indians, Indians who lived in the cool fields, were sent to reserves in the desert of New Mexico. The hapless and crowded conditions on the reserves caused lifelessly diseases to distribute and caused 1000s of deceases on the reserves. Many of the Indians became fed up with reserve life, and left. Many folks formed impermanent confederations with each other to salvage themselves. They were successful at the Battle of Bighorn in 1876 where they defeated General George Custer. Even though they were winning, this merely angered the white people even more. Armies were doubled as a consequence of this. As they lost conflicts, they found it more hard to contend on ( Billard Pg. 338-339 ) . Every clip they were defeated, all their properties would be destroyed. They would hold been lucky to populate. In 1890, Chief Sitting Bull and his 300 guiltless staying Indians were massacred by the US Army in South Dakota. As a consequence of this, many Indian folks gave up hope and surrendered. At the beginning of the twentieth, there were about 250,000 Indians in the United States. The Bureau of Indian Affairs was formed under the Department of War. The duty of the agency was to see that the best involvement of the Indians were served and to make up ones mind what those involvements were. But the Bureau was made up of white males. They were frequently bias towards the Indians. This hurt the Indian civilization and future coevalss because now the end of the agency and federal authorities was to educate all Indians and do them bury their old ways and traditions. Slowly, they were seeking to wipe out the Indian traditions and civilization off. The new coevalss of Indians were taken off to get oning school. They were non allowed to talk their native linguistic communication. They were forced to pattern Christianity. They were told that their Indian heritage were non approved by American society ( Billard Pg. 341-384 ) . As of today, Indians still live on reserves. They do non hold to pay revenue enhancements. The American Indians today are good treated. They are considered Americans today and have equal rights merely as any other ethic groups in the United States. Although the American Indians are treated every bit today, they were non treated every bit for the past 200 old ages. The white work forces came across the sea and invaded their land. All they could make was ticker and seek to contend back, but that did non work for them. The future coevalss were greatly affected by this because the sad events did non let them to hold every bit many chances and easiness to larn about their roots and tradition.

U.S economy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

U.S economy - Research Paper Example nce, economic indicators illustrate when the economy falls like in a recession and when the economy grows like during economic development (Griffis, ch.1). This paper will predict the economic future of U.S economy one year from now. In economics, economists develop laws of economic behavior based on the presumption that states do not count, but markets do. In economics, the most important issue is whether the presumptions generate a successful proposition that can be empirically tested and proven to be invalid or reasonable. From this perspective, the major challenge in the economic forecast is the neglect of the function of the state in economic concerns specifically international economic growth. In fact, national activities and policies are significant for economic results (Gilpin, R. & Gilpin, J. 61). Another challenge encountered when making economic forecast is the concept of weak efficiency. Weak efficiency is a theory that assumes that past forecasts play a critical function in establishing present predictions (Dovern 2). In addition, economists are less conversant with the regional cycles and trends hence the problem of predicting changes in these areas. Moreover, the error of incorrect revenue is anot her element that can create a problem in producing accurate forecast on the state of the economy. Also, data revisions pose a challenge to forecasts because when there is a structural change in the economy, the forecasting models need to be changes which may consume much time (Higgins 22). State and national economic predictions assist forecasters to generate an approximation of anticipated revenues from fundamental tax ground on the current price. In addition, other professionals in the budget department use the predictions to plan an expenditure budget and provide recommendations for the next fiscal period (Forsythe & Boyd, memo 3). The economic indicators do not impact the economy in the same manner. Generally, there are three types of economic

Automation Tools Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Automation Tools - Math Problem Example The pane, labeled 'Classes' (encircled in blue), displays the name of all objects that are contained in the library, VBA; these objects are called classes, modules and enumerations. These objects have constants, properties and functions, which are listed in pane, labeled 'Members of XXXXX' (encircled in green), through which they define their attributes and set of actions that they can perform. For example, in above figure, it can be noted that there are only two constants, vbModal and vbModaless, are defined in enumeration, FormShowConstant. Also note that the summarized detail for the selected member, vbModaless, is also displayed in the bottom pane (encircled in pink). Executes code one statement at a time; when not in design mode, Step Into enters break mode at the current line of execution. If the statement is a call to a procedure, the next statement displayed is the first statement in the procedure. At design time, this menu item begins execution and enters break mode before the first line of code is executed. This option is similar to Step Into; the difference in use occurs when the current statement contains a call to a procedure. It executes the procedure as a unit, and then steps to the next statement in the current procedure. ... For example, in above figure, it can be noted that there are only two constants, vbModal and vbModaless, are defined in enumeration, FormShowConstant. Also note that the summarized detail for the selected member, vbModaless, is also displayed in the bottom pane (encircled in pink). Question 1(c): What debugging facilities are available within the Visual Basic Editor (VBA IDE).Describe how they might be used to debug code Answer 1(c): In Visual Basic Editor, all debugging facilities can be accessed through options that are available in 'Debug' menu; this menu contains the following menu items: 1. Step Into Executes code one statement at a time; when not in design mode, Step Into enters break mode at the current line of execution. If the statement is a call to a procedure, the next statement displayed is the first statement in the procedure. At design time, this menu item begins execution and enters break mode before the first line of code is executed. If there is no current execution point, the Step Into command may appear to do nothing until something is done that triggers code, for example clicking on a document. 2. Step Over This option is similar to Step Into; the difference in use occurs when the current statement contains a call to a procedure. It executes the procedure as a unit, and then steps to the next statement in the current procedure. Therefore, the next statement displayed is the next statement in the current procedure regardless of whether the current statement is a call to another procedure. This option is available in break mode only. 3. Step Out Executes the remaining lines of a function in which the current execution point lies. The next statement displayed is the statement following the procedure call. All of the code is executed

History Analytical Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

History Analytical Paper - Essay Example Like an ass he is owned by several people including priests and legionnaires, in his adventures he hears many novel tales. At the end of the book with the intervention of a god, he is turned into a human and joins the Isis cult when he returns to his native Rome. Peter brown depicts the non-factious various escapades of Augustine in the Augustine of Hippo. While not as interesting or humorous as the golden hand, it delves on Augustine change in believing from a Christian by his mother’s influence to a Manichean and later to Christianity where until his death he was a doctor of the church. To contrast the two books is intriguing and interesting as they both arguably represent literarily classical that has defied time to be among the best reads even in the modern day despite having been based in the early centuries of classical civilization. In two separate journeys, we are taken through memorable adventures whose discoveries and its outcomes are more or less similar. The Golden Ass and Augustine of Hippo both explore various themes in their story lines. Religion can be described as a person’s personal spiritual belief various religions abound. The narrator in The Golden Ass is interested in magic his beliefs. His interest in magic results in him turning into an ass. In the golden ass magic is largely discussed, a tale of Thelyphron is told. As a student Thelyphron indulges in many wanderings and runs out of funds. He is enlisted to take care of a corpse in an area where there are many witches it is said that the corpse pieces of flesh from his ears and nose are taken by the witches and more baffling is the resurrection of the corpse to affirm widow’s guilt. Peter brown in the Augustine of hippo explores religion deeply too (Brown, 342). He delves into Augustine of hippo’s life in various from when he is a Christian to mechanism and back to Christianity. In his faith’s journey, he develops some beliefs regarding

Prepare a report presenting the advantages of adopting a project Essay

Prepare a report presenting the advantages of adopting a project management approach for the planning and control of a hotel refurbishment project - Essay Example lties, regardless of the scope of the refurbishment project, adopting a project management approach can streamline the renovation activities and ensure that all aspects of the project are coordinated from a management perspective. This report highlights the advantages of adopting the project management approach during the hotel refurbishment activity. During the refurbishment efforts, the needs of the stakeholders must be considered to ensure that the hotel still maintains competitive advantage (especially in terms of satisfying customers). Additionally, the entire refurbishment process requires the administrative efforts of a single individual (or a single group of leaders) who maintain responsibility for the entire project. Creating this type of hierarchical leadership scenario within the project will ensure that all members involved in the refurbishment process are accountable for the individual responsibilities and have a singular point-of-contact to report on their activities or communicate problems with the process in order to avoid miscommunication or project failures which are over-looked. Drescoll (2008) suggests that preliminary planning for the project is most crucial in the project management phases, by clearly establishing which stakeholders will be actively involved in the refurbishment process and the specific capacity of their individual or group responsibilities. The author suggests that an appropriate project management approach requires the project leader, prior to the actual start of the project, contact various departments and stakeholders to discuss the most appropriate channels of communication (Drescoll). These channels may include distribution of mobile devices for instant communication of project failures, internet and other online mediums, or any other method of communication which can provide instant opportunity for resolution or assistance in the face of problems. It appears that this aspect of project management maintains a

Domestic Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Domestic Terrorism - Essay Example The burning of churches, houses, and farms, and animals and property, as well as the lynching of human beings is without question cowardly and sociopathic, but had these acts been committed by individuals living in a jurisdiction in which their crimes were not just excused by the highest echelons of local jurisprudence, but actually extolled as a method of preserving the fabric of society and the foundation of liberty and democracy, those actions would lost their truly tragic dimension. That tragic dimension is expressed in the concept of a continuing pattern that would never have been stopped without the intervention of outside forces. Part of the tragedy engendered by the Klan’s willingness to murder, burn, and intimidate is expressed in the movie: the passage of ignorance and fear from generation to generation. That the violent activities engaged in by the Ku Klux Klan qualify as terrorism is without question. The Klan burns down a farm purely for the purpose of intimidation. The fact that the fire kills valuable horses as well as other property and that no money or items are stolen indicates the motivation. Terrorism is defined by nothing else more than motivation. If terrorism can be defined as acts of violence intended to maintain or change a system of social order, then clearly the murders, fires and collusion of protection offered by the sheriff’s department and the local judge indicates that terrorism is exactly what is taking place in among the white residents of the Mississippi town that is the setting of the film. If it can be determined that the specific actions of lynching, beating, and destruction of property were committed to ensure that black residents could not exercise their right to vote because the implicit assumption would be that they would cast their vote in an effort to change the social order of a segregated

Youth Justice in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Youth Justice in the UK - Essay Example The essay "Youth Justice in the UK" discusses the following issue - the commitment to effective practice, in itself highly desirable, has frequently been accompanied by an unwarranted certainty about 'what works' allowing little space for debate. There are various factors that contribute towards explaining this statement.Every individual is unique and forms their own assumptions based on their perceptions. Many of the youth are not very clear about life and its consequences, for the main reason of being young, and their perception of life is quite different from a matured adult. Wrong perceptions snowball into various conflicts and contradictions which easily leads them towards crime. According to Laurie Mullins, â€Å"Perception is the root of all organizational behavior; any situation can be analyzed in terms of its perceptual connotations†.Another major cause for leading the youth astray is alcohol and drug abuse. The youth are not in a position to understand the dangers be hind this and are slowly sucked into a kind of trap that the find very difficult to come out of. As they go deeper, they stop at nothing to satisfy this need. They engage in robbery, petty thefts in the beginning but later on move into much bigger crimes such as extortion and murder. The modern day ‘binge drinking culture’ has spawned an acceleration of crime. While most people in the UK, drink within safety limits, but unfortunately the youth are not so serious about this.

The Jungle (by Upton Sinclair) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Jungle (by Upton Sinclair) - Essay Example Big businesses were enjoying an unprecedented reign of opportunism and the welfare of members of the public had begun to seriously deteriorate. Sinclair’s focus in this book was to expose the corrupt practices and the unsanitary conditions that were rampant in the meatpacking industry. This book was published in 1906 and it was successful in snaring the attention of President Theodore Roosevelt, who set up a commission to enquire into the meatpacking industry which finally resulted in the passage of the Beef Inspection Act. The story focuses upon the ordeals of one Lithunian family that is forced to reconsider its idealistic view that hard work and morality will lead to material success and happiness. The reality they encounter is that America is a place of greed and exploitation, where it is only immorality, corruption, crime and graft which are the means that will ensure material success. Sinclair’s book demonstrates how immigrants who came to America with the will to work hard in their pursuit of the American dream, were victimized, harassed and exploited. Throughout the book â€Å"The Jungle,† Sinclair focuses upon the meatpacking industry in Chicago but uses it as a means to demonstrate the evils of capitalism. According to Sinclair, capitalism breeds social inequality and an obsession with the accumulation of wealth that leads individuals to engage in unscrupulous practices for the express purpose of garnering wealth. Through the events in the book, Sinclair suggests that capitalism is a system that benefits only a few individuals and big businesses, hence it needs to be replaced with an alternative system such as capitalism which works for the benefit of everyone and ensures that the common man is not exploited by greedy capitalistic elements. Throughout the early part of the book, Sinclair therefore focuses on demonstrating the evils of capitalism, which in effect, destroys the many for the benefit of the few.

Critical Thinking in 21st Century America Essay Example for Free

Critical Thinking in 21st Century America Essay The intellectual roots of critical thinking date back to the teachings of Socrates, who discovered a method of analytical questioning; known today as â€Å"Socratic questioning,† establishing that one could not rationally justify their assured claims to knowledge. Socrates established that people cannot depend upon those in authority to have sound knowledge and insight. He demonstrated that individuals may have power and high position and yet be deeply confused and irrational. He established the importance of asking questions and thinking deeply before we accept an idea as worthy of belief. Socrates stressed the significance of seeking evidence, closely examining reasoning and assumptions, analyzing basic concepts, and tracing out implications not only of what is said but of what is done. This, I believe, is essential to living a successful and knowledgeable life; question everything and everyone. I strongly agree with Socrates’ idea that we cannot depend upon an individual of higher power to have all-encompassing knowledge and insight solely based on their status. The use of certain words, in just the right way, is enough to make some individuals believe just about anything; most successful lawyers have built their entire careers simply by knowing what to say, how to say it, and when to say it. Although I feel that critical thinking is a necessity throughout life, along with analyzing and questioning everything; I also feel that it is not something that is simply learned. Today, in our contemporary 21st century American society, we are certainly allowed to be and/or trained to be critical thinkers, but it is only certain individuals who will use critical thought to its highest ability to expand their knowledge and open up the mind. These individuals, sometimes rare, have the ability to reflectively question common beliefs and justifications, and use this to carefully distinguish those beliefs that are reasonable and logical from those which lack acceptable evidence or rational foundation to justify a certain belief. Socrates’ practice was followed by many great critical thinkers, such as Plato, Aristotle, and the Greek skeptics, all of whom emphasized that things are often very different from what they appear to be and that only the trained mind is prepared to see through the way things look to us on the surface, misleading appearances, to the way they really are beneath the surface, the deeper realities of life. Critical thinking, amongst many other definitions, is the ability to understand and apply, to infer and to meaningfully investigate given information; the skills needed to see equivalents, comprehend connections, identify problems, and develop justifiable explanations. It identifies bias, and a bias is not necessarily bad; it is simply a preferred way of looking at things. However, critical thinking does not necessarily benefit everyone; it can alter relationships, change attitudes, and cause family and friends to part ways. In light of our readings, many of the individuals we have discussed stress the need for a critical society, but additionally stress that it is not always beneficial, especially for those susceptible to nonsense. John Stuart Mill feared conformism among society as a whole, he saw this as a uniformity which enforced narrow-minded views and illogical rules on those individuals more open-minded and educated. A few years back while researching religion for a paper, I came across Mill’s idea of â€Å"hell belief,† where he argues that the belief in hell is made inconsistently both strong and weak by a total system failure in critical thinking; that hell belief is incompatible with the belief that God is good. He explains that the same mind set that enables them to accept a theory involving these contradictions prevents them from seeing the logical consequences of the theory. Mill’s ideas of â€Å"hell belief† are very similar to those of my own. Many, if not most, people are introduced and expected to abide by a certain religion by the time they speak their first words. Naturally, more often than not, religion and religious values are the first thing that many are taught; however religion allows little, or no room, for critical thinking. Many people carry their religious beliefs and values throughout life, where critical thinkers challenge and question it; they find the stuff that doesn’t quite make sense and demand to know where the logic lies and why exactly they’re supposed to life by these ideas. In Mill’s ideas, people come to believe in it and manage to stay sane about it for the same reason, a lack of critical thinking. In our readings, we see that Bertrand Russell emphasizes the importance of open and free analysis, and the critical need to create education systems that raise open-minded pursuit of knowledge and cautions the dangers inherent in rigid ideologies. I agree with Russell and believe that children should be taught to think critically as soon as they start their education because as adults it is almost impossible to learn, it is not simply a skill you can up and decide you want to possess. If more schools implemented a system that encourages children to keep an open mind and consistently put certain ideas and theories to the test, they would be better prepared for future education, encouraged to socialize with their peers even if they’re not from the same religious or ethnic background, and overall be well prepared for life itself; the habit of questioning everything leads to the development of well-rounded knowledge. When referencing the answers that many of us strive for, Russell explains that if philosophy cannot answer all of our questions, it at least holds the power of asking questions which increase the interest of the world, and show the strangeness and phenomenon lying just below the surface even in the simplest things of everyday life. He identifies a need for a theory of knowledge that will merge what appears to be from what really is, as well as the importance to practice knowledge responsibly. Russell explains to us that in order to make statements or hold beliefs about knowledge, we must be able to substantiate that our knowledge is accurate to reality. Although uncertainty and doubt are Descartes enemy, he wanted to use doubt as a tool or weapon to combat uncertainty. What, if anything, could not be doubted after subjecting all of his knowledge to the acid wash of doubt. The one thing that Descartes concluded could not be doubted was that he was doubting. There has to be an â€Å"I† who is thinking. Descartes famous dictum, Cogito Ergo Sum, means â€Å"I think therefore I am†.

Safety of Women Essay Example for Free

Safety of Women Essay It is crucial that probation officers develop a familiarity with the needs and safety concerns of women who are abused, and become aware of the risks women face while on probation supervision. For example, an abuser may use the probation condition as another way to abuse her by threatening to falsely allege a probation violation to her probation officer, or by forcing her to commit an illegal act and then reporting it (Crager et al., 2003). When a probation officer learns that a woman probationer is abused, the officer should apply the same principles for working with women who are not probationers (NYS PDVIP, 2005). If a woman who is abused has not had contact with domestic violence programs, probation officers can play a key role in providing information and referrals to domestic violence services. A probation officer may be the first person that has ever said to her: You dont deserve to be abused. Its not your fault, and theres nothing you have done to cause the abuse. Probation officers have a responsibility to reassure women that they are not alone with their experiences: Im concerned about you, and when you are ready, help is available. When probation officers provide referrals, it is crucial to understand that her potential reluctance or unwillingness to take hotline/advocate contact information may be related to a concern for her own safety. Her abuser may be waiting for her in the parking lot, go through her purse or pockets, and use that domestic violence program contact number as a reason to continue and/or escalate his abuse (NYSCADV, 2004b). It is also important for probation officers to take their cues from women who are abused as to what their abusers actions mean. For example, an abuser may have made statements to indicate that a womans risk is high (i.e. The next flowers youll get will be when you are in the ground). Probation officers can also assist women in identifying and understanding dangerous and potentially illegal stalking behaviors including unwanted phone calls, letters, gifts, flowers, email, instant messages, or faxes. A stalker may also follow her or show up at places she frequents (home, work, school, etc.), make verbal, written, or implied threats directed at her, her friends or family, or vandalize her property. More extreme acts of stalking may also include assaults or other acts of violence, including sexual assault, directed at her, an immediate family member, or someone she knows (NYSCADV, 2004b). Probation officers support the safety of women by providing referrals to domestic violenceprograms to assist with completing a safety plan. If a woman chooses not to contact a domestic violence advocate, probation officers can help her review her risks and create a preliminary safety plan (See Appendix B for considerations for developing a preliminary safety plan), including asking about weapons available to the offender, as well as his access to the children (NYSCADV, 2004b). Regardless of the level of offense or conviction, probation officers should refrain from minimizing the abusers potential to inflict serious physical injury. All domestic violence cases should be considered as potential homicides, particularly during separation or after a woman who is abused terminates the relationship (NYS PDVIP, 2005). Probation officers are also becoming aware of the potential for collusion with abusers who are not under supervision. These abusers may attempt to become an ally of probation o fficers in order to maintain power and control over the woman who is abused. To counter these attempts at coercion, probation is increasingly conducting Pre-Sentence Investigations (PSIs) in all domestic violence cases. If there are insufficient resources to do this in all cases, PSIs should be conducted on any case where the defendant may have a history of victimization by the alleged victim in the presenting case. The PSI should include specific questions about the history of victimization and power and control dynamics in the relationship (NYS PDVIP, 2005) (See Appendix C for a list of general guidelines for probation officers who supervise women who are abused). Additional strategies for supervising women who are abused include the following: 1. Know and follow the departmental confidentiality policy regarding use of information about the woman who is abused, including her contact information. Inform the woman who is abused of the policy at first contact, and again as necessary throughout the supervision process. It is important for her to understand what will happen with any and all information she may provide to her probation officer (e.g., Will it be written in her case file? Will a supervisor see it? Will it be submitted to the judge in a report? Will her abuser or his attorney have access to it?) 2. Create a safe environment for women who are abused to disclose their experiences of abuse if they choose. Consider displaying domestic violence posters in the probation department and have local domestic violence program brochures and pamphlets available as a visible way to show that the officer and the department take domestic violenceseriously. 3. Explain the terms of the Orders and Conditions of Probation, the role of a probation officer, and any additional relevant agency policies. Fully explain the consequences of violations of the Orders and Conditions of Probation, and other probationer obligations. 4. Assure the woman who is abused that she is not responsible for her abusers behavior. The choice to abuse rests only with the abuser. 5. Do not use her abuser as a collateral contact. This may unintentionally reinforce and validate his power and control over her and introduce unreliable information to her case. 6. It is essential to understand that the decisions women make may be based on critical survival strategies. Women who are abused are constantly evaluating their risks, and from day to day their needs and safety concerns may vary. 7. Ask the woman who is abused to identify how to contact her in a way that supports her safety. Do not initiate contact with the woman who is abused while her abuser is present. 8. Ensur e that the woman who is abused has contact information for the local domestic violence program. Assist her in identifying her safety concerns. 9. Discuss safety issues for the probation officer and the woman who is abused that may impact home contacts, fieldwork, or collateral contacts (e.g., if the abuser lives with the woman who is abused, schedule a home contact with her when the abuser is not at home). 10. Address other needs of women who are abused including employment, childcare, housing issues, substance abuse treatment, etc. 11. Do not promise the woman who is abused any thing you may not be able to deliver. Do not assure her of her safety (NYSCADV, 2003; NYS PDVIP, 2004) (See Appendix D for a checklist for probation contact with victims of domestic violence). Collaboration with Domestic Violence Advocates and Referrals to Domestic Violence Programs. Probation officers are building strong collaborations with domestic violence advocates. As a result, they have a greater comprehension of the dangers that women face, and a broader understanding of choices women make which are grounded in critical survival strategies. The role of advocates, which are employed by traditional domestic violence programs (based in, or linked with, not-for-profit, non-governmental agencies), is defined by the needs and desires of women who are abused. The overarching goals of advocates are to support and bolster womens confidentiality and decisions, and provide them with information. The allegiance of advocates lies solely with women who are abused, which is distinct from victim-witness liaisons (also sometimes referred to as advocates) that may be employed by district attorneys offices, law enforcement agencies, and other system-based programs. In fact, advocates may be called upon to represent the interests of women who are abused to other persons and/or agencies. Advocates and domestic violence programs are a major resource for probation officers and departments and vice versa, and this interdependent relationship should be encouraged, strengthened, and formalized as a necessary part of a coordinated community response to domestic violence. Advocate-probation collaborations can strengthen cases and significantly support safety of women in many ways. Advocates can assist with explaining the p robation process, help women who are abused understand what probation officers and departments do, and review probation documents and paperwork with women who are abused. In addition, advocates can help prepare women who are abused for meetings with probation, and may be able to attend meetings to provide additional support (NYS PDVIP, 2004, NYS PDVIP, 2005)[3]. Probation officers can minimize the potentially dangerous repercussions of unintended consequences of supervision practices, by developing and maintaining collaborations with advocates regarding safety issues. Thus, interventions implemented by probation officers can focus on helping women who are abused explore and evaluate available options, make informed decisions, design preliminary safety plans that reflect womens needs and goals, and facilitate voluntary involvement in domestic violence services (State of New York, 1998). At every opportunity, probation officers should make available hotline numbers, contact information, and descriptions of locally available domestic violence programs and services to women who are abused. However, seeking help from a domestic violence program, getting an order of protection, or deciding to leave an abuser only makes sense to a woman when, on balance, it reduces the overall risks that she and her children face. Victim safety should remain paramo unt when there may be competing interests or a perceived benefit of a program, policy, protocol, or procedure. Achieving this goal requires a supervision plan that incorporates the many  obstacles and risks to achieving safety or to ending a relationship with an abusive partner that women who are abused encounter. Domestic violence programs focus on empowerment, autonomy, and self-determination, and mandating participation in any program or service contradicts this philosophy (Crager et al., 2003). Mandating women who are abused to domestic violence services also places advocates in the incongruent role of monitoring compliance with probation conditions (Denton, 2001). Considerations for Dual Probation Supervision of Women Who are Abused and Their Abusers When women who are abused and their abusers are both under supervision by probation, a heightened level of confidentiality and a stringent safety protocol must be maintained within the department. Regardless of who is or is not identified by the criminal justice system as the abuser, probation officers should continue to implement practices that support the safety of women who are abused. Probation officers are well trained to be wary of probationers and their many tactics at getting-over. This skill is especially key when supervising domestic violence offenders, as abusers not only excel at this endeavor, but use it as a strategy directly related to their abuse and to their mindset. Although many convicted criminals may believe themselves to be victims, men who are abusers tend to be particularly insistent about their perceived victimization. Historically, men who abused were protected by traditions of privacy and privilege surrounding marriage and the family. While social values an d laws are changing pertaining to abuse in intimate relationships, many men who abuse express a sense of intrusion and injustice, and feel that they have had something taken away, or that their rights have been abridged. Probation officers need to exercise care not to say or do anything that could be interpreted as agreeing with the abuser including even the most casual of comments or nodding of the head. Invariably, abusers will use that perceived support to minimize and justify their behaviors or to corroborate their negative assumptions about women (NYS PDVIP, 2004). Similarly, probation officers need to keep the focus on accountability, not on abusers personal or moral deficits, diseases, low self-esteem, early childhood experiences, anger management, diminished intellect, addiction, mental illness, other individuals, or external events as the means to explaining or solving domestic violence. Doing so gives abusers support for the excuses they offer to explain their abusive behavior (State of New York, 1998). General Safety Strategies for Women Who Are Abused During Dual Probation Supervision. General guidelines for probation officers who supervise women who are abused during dual probation situations include the following: 1. Recognize that women who are abused have differing safety needs and concerns than men who are being supervised. In some situations, there may be a need to request a modification of Orders and Conditions of Probation that may negatively impact her safety (e.g. curfew, electronic monitoring, travel permits, and residency reporting may impose additional danger for women who are abused). 2. Do not schedule office interviews with both the woman who is abused and her abuser on the same day. Develop a schedule of meeting times and dates in conjunction with the other supervising officer. 3. It is essential that different probation officers supervise the woman who is abused and her abuser. This minimizes opportunities for breeches in confidentiality and reduces the potential for collusion with the abuser. 4. If case reviews are routinely conducted with other probation officers and supervisors, exercise extreme caution in discussing case details which may put a woman who is abused at risk. While challenging, limit the access of other officers and supervisors as much as feasible to the case file of the woman who is abused. Discussing the details of her case with other probation officers may result in information getting to her abuser, with potentially significant repercussions for her safety. 5. Do not make negative statements about the abuser during supervision of a woman who is abused (NYSCADV, 2003; NYS PDVIP, 2005). For example, comments such as hes such a lousy husband or hes a real jerk interject value judgments into the supervision process that can significantly detract from perceptions of probation officers and their ability to maintain a professional demeanor. R ather, the context of the abusers behaviors and actions should be focused on her safety. Additional Safety Strategies for Women Who Are Abused During Supervision of Their Abusers. General guidelines for the supervision of abusers include the following: 1. The safety of the woman who is abused is the chief concern. 2. The abuser is responsible for his behavior. There is no acceptable justification for his violence, no matter what he says or how much he blames her. Address every attempt of abusers to deny, minimize, justify, or blame abuse on anything other than their own personal choice. 3. Neutralize the abusers attempts to manipulate officers or control probation proceedings. Avoid any situation that could lead to unintentionally colluding with the abuser. 4. Whenever possible, probation officers should use sources of information, other than the woman who is abused, to enforce accountability of abusers who are also on probation. If a probation officer does include input from a woman who is abused, it is crucial for the probation officer to explain to her, realistically, what may happen with the information that she provides regarding her abusers case. Thus, the probation officer should specifically inquire about information that the woman who is abused can provide about her abuser without putting her at increased risk. 5. The probation officer should clearly describe to the woman who is abused how violations of probation are handled and what sanctions may be imposed on her abuser. 6. Safekeeping of the contact information for the woman who is abused is always a priority. Her contact information should always be kept out of sight when the abuser is in the office. If possible, putting the contact information for the woman who is abused in a different colored file or using a piece of colored tape on the file can be an easy way to remind probation officers of the heightened need to keep the information confidential. 7. In addition, probation department policy should require that probation officers notify a woman who is abused at least one month before her abuser is discharged from supervision. This will provide an opportunity for her to identify any safety concerns and request appropriate referrals from her probation officer (NYSCADV, 2003; NYS PDVIP, 2005). Considerations for Court Ordered Referrals That Are Dangerous Increasingly, the criminal justice system and the courts are tapping into a wider range of program and referral options and sanctions as responses to domestic violence cases. While many commonly used interventions, referrals, and services are safe and appropriate for many individuals; probation officers need to recognize that several of these same practices are dangerous and inappropriate for women who are abused. In addition to the increased danger these practices may create, they may also reinforce the notion that a woman who is abused shares responsibility for her partners violent and/or controlling behavior. Such a message reinforces the mistaken belief of most abusers: women who are abused are to blame for the violence. Thus, it also encourages women who are abused to internalize responsibility for their partners violence and has the potential to increase the likelihood that the abuser will physically or emotionally harm his partner (NYSCADV, 2004b). Safety Considerations for Batterer Program Referrals. The Violence Against Women Offices Toolkit to End Violence Against Women recommends that the justice system avoid ordering victims of domestic violence to participate in batterer programs (VAWO, 2001). There are many practical and philosophical problems associated with court-ordering a woman who is abused to participate in a batterer program. If she was acting in self-defense or to protect her children, or was using violence in retaliation for abuse, the court order is, in effect, punishment for being abused. Most women who are abused are not batterers, even when they have used violence proactively. While the content of a program for female offenders may be helpful to some women, the batterer label written into the court order is generally inaccurate (Crager et al., 2003). Participation in a batterer program places a woman who is abused in greater danger. For example, when a program notifies the alleged victim (in actuality, the real batterer) of the womans participation in the batte rer program, he can learn where and when he can find her. Batterer program staffs have described instances in which women who are abused have been stalked by their abusers every time they attended their court-ordered batterer program. Mandatory participation in batterer programs by women who are abused also creates opportunities for batterers to sabotage the womens compliance with the court order by interfering with their attendance, or reporting false allegations of new acts of violence (Crager et al., 2003). Andy Klein, former chief probation officer for the Quincy, MA court and nationally known author on probation, criminal justice, and domestic violence, also commented on the use of batterer programs for women: | |If we really want to offer our services to female batterers, there are better ways to reach them than | | | |to rely on the coercive powers of a criminal justice system that too often gets it wrong in separating| | | |out batterers from victims. If the prosecutor or judge asks you to assist the court by offering | | | |batterer intervention programs for womenjust say NO. Offer, instead, to help train officers, | | | |prosecutors, and judges on how to arrest, prosecute, and sanction wisely (Klein, 2001, p. 2). | | | |Andy Klein | Safety Considerations for Mediation and Couples Counseling Referrals. Intervention strategies that require cooperative participation typically assume an equal relationship in which both parties are free to openly participate. Mediation, for example, is a process through which equal parties are engaged in negotiations to resolve a conflict. Because of the inherent imbalance of power between an abuser and a woman who is abused, mediation and couples counseling are inappropriate in domestic violence cases. A victim of domestic violence who, by definition, is being controlled by her partner is significantly compromised in her ability to negotiate freely and is not on an equal footing with her partner. Women who are abused may also be encouraged to alter their behavior so that they do not provoke their partners into abusing them, thus, holding the victims accountable for the abuse. Any focus on placating the abuser diverts resources or interventions away from safety and accountability. Also, many women report being threatened or assaulted after joint intake or counseling sessions for things they said or did during the session (Frank Golden, 2002; National Institute of Corrections [NIC], 2001; NYS PDVIP, 2003a; State of New York, 1998). Safety Considerations for Restorative Justice Practices. Community and restorative justice practices, which can be effectively used in conjunction with property and juvenile crimes, may not always be restorative or appropriate for women who are abused. As an understanding of power and control and the dynamics of domestic violence are not reflected in many restorative justice practices, they are dangerous for domestic violence cases. Conferencing (also known as Family Group Conferencing) routinely requires women who are abused to have face-to-face visits with their abusers. Also, communities may change agreement plans if they see abusers are having problems with implementing them, thus creating the potential for abusers to manipulate consequences and avoid accountability for the crimes they committed (NIC, 2001; NYS PDVIP, 2003a). Circles (also known as Sentencing, Healing, Peacemaking, or Community Circles) primarily use negotiation, mediation, consensus building, and conflict resolution tactics that, because of power differences between t he abuser and the woman who is abused, are dangerous and inappropriate. Also, responsibilities are often inappropriately assigned to women who are abused and their support groups, and outcomes are often focused on an increased community capacity to resolve disputes (NIC, 2001; NYS PDVIP, 2003a). Safety Considerations for Routine Mental Health Assessments. Domestic violence is not the result of a mental health issue, nor does a woman who is abused, typically, have a mental illness. The rate of mental illness among women who are abused is no higher than that of the general population, and mental illness on the part of the woman who is abused is generally not the cause of the violence. When a woman who is abused has no related mental health issues, an assessment implies that the womans status as a victim of domestic violence is in some way connected with a mental health problem. Thus, women who are abused should only be referred for mental health assessments for reasons that are not connected to the abuse. Few mental health providers have specific training in assessing for domestic violence or in providing supportive services. Like an order to complete a batterer program, an order to complete a mental health assessment can be used against the woman who is abused in a number of ways; for example, it may contribute to losing custody of her children (Crager et al., 2003). Strategies to Respond to Court Ordered Referrals That Are Dangerous. Probation officers have numerous opportunities for teachable moments in which they can educate judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys, police officers, other criminal justice professionals, and community stakeholders about the nature and dynamics of domestic violence, womens use of violence, predominant aggressor identification, and the crucial need to revise criminal justice protocols that re-victimize women who are abused through unintended consequences. In some jurisdictions, probation departments are developing protocols, which prohibit probation officers from mandating or referring women to dangerous practices. When judges refer or mandate women to these practices, the probation departments respond to the judges with an explanation of how the practices are dangerous to women, why the department has restricted use of them, and provides them a copy of the departmental protocol. A strong collaboration with local domestic violence advocates is the cornerstone to a probation response that supports the safety of women who are abused while minimizing the impact of potentially dangerous practices. Advocates are a tremendous source of information and support for probation officers on general domestic violence issues and concerns facing women who are abused, and can provide feedback on proposed policies, referrals, and practices. Conclusion The regrettable influx of women who are abused into the criminal justice system calls for the expert and principled participation of probation officers to promote their safety. Fortunately, probation officers are well positioned to assume this additional responsibility of justice on behalf of women who are abused. At every opportunity, probation officers should make available hotline numbers, contact information, and descriptions of locally available domestic violence programs and services to women who are abused. Victim safety should remain paramount even when there may be competing interests or a perceived benefit of a program, policy, protocol, or procedure. Achieving this goal requires an expansion of traditional notions of probations mandate of offender accountability and public safety. Domestic violence is a complex issue that demands probation officers implement supervision plans that contain strategies for the many obstacles and risks to achieving safety that women who are abused encounter. Tremendous change has been occurring within the criminal justice system regarding transformations in attitudes and beliefs about domestic violence. Increasingly, domestic violence is seen as a serious crime that warrants swift and strong law enforcement, court-based, and correctional responses aimed at holding abusers accountable for their actions. Probation officers are taking on prominent roles in bringing about the social change necessary to challenge domestic violence. Probation is in a unique position to support the safety of women who are abused and reduce the negative impacts of arrest and prosecution of women who are abused as part of a dual arrest for domestic violence, or other crimes. Anytime a probation officer encounters a woman who is abused or her abuser, regardless of who is the probationer, the officer has a crucial role in potentially preventing further domestic violence or even homicide. References Bloom, B., Owen, B., Covington, S. (2003). Gender-responsive strategies: Research, practice, and guiding principles for women offenders. Washington, DC: National Institute of Corrections, U.S. Department of Justice. Crager, M., Cousin, M., Hardy, T. (2003). Victim-defendants: An emerging challenge in responding to domestic violence in Seattle and the King County region. Retrieved May 24, 2004 from http://www.mincava.umn.edu/documents/victimdefendant/victimdefendant.html Dasgupta, S. (2001). Toward an understanding of womens use of non-lethal violence in intimate heterosexual relationships. Retrieved May 24, 2004 from http://www.vawnet.org/DomesticViolence/Research/VAWnetDocs/AR_womviol.php Denton, J. (2001). Options and alternatives for women: Are we re-victimizing women? Women Who Use Force, 20(1), 10-11. Family Violence Prevention Fund. (1999). Cultural considerations in domestic violence cases: A national judges benchbook. San Francisco, CA: Family Violence Prevention Fund. Frank, P., Golden, G. (2002). When 50-50 is not fair: The case against couple counseling when men abuse women. New City, NY: Volunteer Counseling Service of Rockland County, Inc. Klein, A. (2001). Dear readers. National Bulletin on Domestic Violence Prevention, 7(7), 1-2. Miller, S. (2001). The paradox of women arrested for domestic violence. Violence Against Women, 7(12), 1339-1376. Multnomah County Family Violence Coordinating Council. (2002). Battered women offenders in the criminal justice system: Analysis of needs and response for Multnomah County, Oregon. Portland, OR: Multnomah County Family Violence Coordinating Council. National Battered Womens Law Project, National Center on Women and Family Law. (1994). Mandatory arrest: Problems and possibilities. New York, NY : Legal Momentum. National Institute of Corrections. (2001). Restorative justice: Principles, practices, and implementation. Longmont, CO: National Institute of Corrections Academy, U.S. Department of Justice. New York State Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2003). General guidelines for probation officers who supervise women who are abused. Albany, NY: Author. New York State Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2004a). Domestic violence handbook. Albany, NY: Author. New York State Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2004b). Guidelines for the probation response to women who are abused: Supporting victim safety, autonomy, and self-determination. Albany, NY: Author. New York State Probation Domestic Violence Intervention Project. (2003a). Applying restorative and community justice principles to domestic violence cases. Albany, NY: NYS Coalition Against Domestic Violence, NYS Division of Probation and Correctional Alternatives, and NYS Office for the Prevention of Domestic Violence. New York State Probation Domestic Violence Intervention Project. (2003b). Probation response to women convicted of domestic violence. Albany, NY: NYS Coalition Against Domestic Violence, NYS Division of Probation and Correctional Alternatives, and NYS Office for the Prevention of Domestic Violence. New York State Probation Domestic Violence Intervention Project. (2004). New York state model probation policy for domestic violence: Probation domestic violence pre-sentence investigations reports. Albany, NY: NYS Coalition Against Domestic Violence, NYS Division of Probation and Correctional Alternatives, and NYS Office for the Prevention of Domestic Violence. New York State Probation Domestic Violence Intervention Project. (2005). New York state model probation policy for domestic violence: Probation supervision. Albany, NY: NYS Coalition Against Domestic Violence, NYS Division of Probation and Correctional Alternatives, and NYS Office for the Prevention of Domestic Violence. Oregon Council on Crime and Delinquency. (2002, May). Experiences of domestic violence among women on probation or parole in Lane County, Oregon. OCCD Bulletin. Retrieved June 23, 2004 from http://www.occdonline.org/Newsletter/OCCDMay02.pdf State of New York. (1997). Commission on domestic violence fatalities: Report to the governor. Albany, NY: Author. State of New York. (1998). Model domestic violence policy for counties. Albany, NY: New York State Office for the Prevention of Domestic Violence. Violence Against Women Office. (2001). Enhancing the response of the justice system: Criminal remedies. Toolkit to end violence against women. Retrieved May 19, 2004 from http://toolkit.ncjrs.org/vawo_4.html Women in Prison Project, Correctional Association of New York. (2002). Domestic violence survivors in prison fact sheet. Retrieved May 19, 2004 from http://www.correctionalassociation.org/images/Fact_Sheets_2002.pdf Womens Justice Center. (2004). The pivotal role of the criminal justice system in stopping violence against women: Mapping the obstacles to criminal justice for women Part 1. Retrieved May 24, 2004 from http://www.justicewomen.com/handbook/part1_intro.html#pivotal Worcester, N. (2001). Women who use force in heterosexual domestic violence: Putting the context (back in) the picture. Women Who Use Force, 20(1), 2-5, 16-17.

The Importance of Risk Management

The Importance of Risk Management Risk management is an important part of decision making process in a construction company. Risk can affect productivity, performance, quality, and budget of a construction project. This chapter gives an overview of construction project risks. Meanwhile, risks in construction project will be recognized and classified into several groups. Furthermore, the current trend in risk management researches will also be discussed in this chapter. It is very important to elaborate risks in construction projects for the purpose of this project paper as to fulfil the first objective of this research, which is to identify and classify the risks in construction projects. Risk is defined as the chance of an adverse event depending on the circumstances (Butler, 1982). Risk is perceived as the potential for unwanted or negative consequences of an event or activity'(Rowe, 1977 ), a combination of hazard and exposure (Chicken and Posner, 1998). Recent research tends to emphasize the two-edged nature of risks, such as a threat and a challenge'(Flanagan and Norman, 1993), the chance of something happening that will have an impact on objectives; may have a positive or negative impact'(AS/NZS, 2004), combination of the probability or frequency of occurrence of a defined threat or opportunity and the magnitude of the consequences of the occurrence. This study examines mainly the negative impacts of risks inherent in construction projects through a combined consideration of the likelihood of occurrence and the magnitude of consequence. Risk management is a system which aims to identify and quantify all risks to which the business or project is exposed so that a conscious decision can be taken on how to manage the risks'(Flanagan and Norman, 1993). PMBOK included risk management as one of the nine focuses in project management and described it as the processes concerned with conducting risk management planning, identification, analysis, responses, and monitoring and control on a project. Recently, AS/NZS defined risk management as the culture, processes and structures that are directed towards realizing potential opportunities whilst managing adverse effects'(AS/NZS, 2004). In line with these definitions, risk management in the construction project management context is a systematic way of identifying, analysing and dealing with risks associated with a project in an aim to achieve the project objectives (Zou et al., 2007). Owing to its increasing importance, risk management has been recognized as a necessity in toda ys construction industry, and a set of techniques and strategies have been developed to control the influences brought by potential risks (Zou et al., 2007). A variety of risk and risk-related definitions are applied to construction projects, and no standard definitions or procedures exist for what constitutes a risk assessment. In the construction industry, risk is often referred to as the presence of potential or actual treats or opportunities that influence the objectives of a project during construction, commissioning, or at time of use (RAMP, 1998). Risk is also defined as the exposure to the chance of occurrences of events adversely or favourably affecting project objectives as a consequence of uncertainty (Al-Bahar and Crandall, 1990). According to (Walewski and Gibson, 2003) as mentioned by Dias and Ioannou (1995) , there are two types of risk: 1) pure risk when there is the possibility of financial loss but no possibility of financial gain, and 2) speculative risk that involves the possibility of both gains and losses. CIIs definitive work on construction risks (Diekmann et al., 1998) uses classic operations research literature t o distinguish the concepts of risk, certainty, and uncertainty, and is consistent with the literature (ASCE, 1979; CIRA, 1994; Kangari, 1995; Hastak and Shaked, 2000; PMI, 2001; Smith, 2001) on what is considered as the sequential procedures for construction risk management: 1) identification, 2) assessment, 3) analysis of impact, and 4) management response. Increased concerns about project risk have given rise to various attempts to develop risk management methodologies. An example of such is the Risk Analysis and Management of Projects (RAMP) method produced by the Institute of Civil Engineers and the Institute of Actuaries in the United Kingdom (RAMP, 1998) . This method uses a project framework to identify and mitigate risk by using the accepted framework of risk identification and project controls by focusing on risks as they occur during the project life cycle. It requires users to follow a rational series of procedures and to undertake this analysis at scheduled intervals during the life cycle of a project. Traditional risk assessment for construction has been synonymous with probabilistic analysis (Liftson and Shaifer, 1992, Al-Bahar and Crandall, 1990). Such approaches require events to be mutually exclusive, exhaustive, and conditionally independent. However, construction involves many variables, and it is often difficult to determine causality, dependence and correlations. As a result, subjective analytical methods that rely on historical information and the experiences of individuals and companies have been used to assess the impact of construction risk and uncertainty (Bajaj et al., 1997). Project risk is an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, has a positive or a negative effect on at least one project objective, such as time, cost, scope, or quality (i.e., where the project time objective is to deliver in accordance with the agreed-upon schedule; where the project cost objective is to deliver within the agreed-upon cost; etc.). A risk may have one or more causes and, if it occurs, one or more impacts. For example, a cause may be requiring an environmental permit to do work, or having limited personnel assigned to design the project. The risk event is that the permitting agency may take longer than planned to issue a permit, or the design personnel available and assigned may not be adequate for the activity. If either of these uncertain events occurs, there may be an impact on the project cost, schedule, or performance. Risk conditions could include aspects of the projects or organizations environment that may contribute to project risk, such as poor proje ct management practices, lack of integrated management systems, concurrent multiple projects, or dependency on external participants who cannot be controlled. Successful project management requires the identification of the factors impacting project scope definition, cost, schedule, contracting strategy and work execution plan. However much of the research related to risk identification, assessment and management for constructed facilities is focused on specifics such as location, categories of risks aspects, or types of projects. For example lists of relevant construction project risks have been developed (Kangari, 1995, RAMP, 1998, Smith, 1999, Hastak and Shaked, 2000, Diekmann et al., 1998) as well as political risk are available (Ashley and Bonner, 1987, Howell, 2001) . The value of systematic risk management of project activity is not fully recognized by the construction industry (Walewski et al., 2002) . Since no common view of risk exists, owners, investors, designers, and constructors have differing objectives and adverse relationships between the parties are common. Attempts at coordinating risk analysis management between all of the project participants have not been formalized and this is especially true between contractors and owners. (Hayes et al., 1987) defined three phases for risk management process (RMP), namely: risk identification; risk analysis and risk response. (Uher and Toakley, 1999) indicated that out of three phases involved in risk management, the concept of risk identification appears to be the most known and practiced. (Lam, 1999), in his paper which discussed risks associated with major infrastructure projects, and defined risk identification as listing of most, if not all, the potential areas where an undesired outcome may result. Such listing should be done at the earliest possible stage of the project. Furthermore, the author listed some techniques that could be used in risk identification such as brain storming, prompt lists, structured interviews and hindsight reviewers. Another useful method is to simulate events and relationships using a hypothetical project life cycle so that the relevant risk factors are made apparent. Risk identification is normally done in a group.(Chapman, 1997) introduced three methods for risk identification, namely: brain storming; Nominal Group Technique (NGT) and Delphi. These are ways to collect judgments from the project team. However, brainstorming was the most commonly cited technique. (Tummala and Burchett, 1999) defined Risk Management Process (RMP) as a logically, consistent and structured approach to enumerate and understand possible risk factors and to assess their consequences and uncertainties.(Chapman, 1997) stated that a formal (RMP) should be applied at all stages in the project lifecycle by project owners and contractors. Alternatively, the process is referred to by many authors as (PRAM) Project Risk Analysis and Management. However, it is the authors opinion that (PRAM) and (RMP) are similar terms for the same concept and can be used interchangeably. (Uher and Toakley, 1999) resented a paper discussing the use of risk management in the conceptual phase of the construction project development cycle where uncertainty is at its peak. Furthermore, (Cano and Cruz, 2002) explained a generic risk management process to be undertaken by organizations with the highest level of risk management maturity in the largest and most complex construction projects. As a final validation, Delphi analysis was applied to assess the risk management methodology. (Fang et al., 2004) presented a risk assessment model for tendering of Chinese building projects on the basis of identification and evaluation of the major risk events in the Chinese construction market. The findings showed that the risk of a project can be assessed through analysis of factors such as: owner type; source of project financing; existence or lack of cooperation between contractors and the owner; the intensity of competition for tendering and the reasonableness of the bid price. (Charoenngam and Yeh, 1999) stipulated the importance of a proper contractual foundation to ensure successful project execution, especially in case of projects involving multidisciplinary teams.(Thompson and Perry, 1992) addressed the necessity of model or standard sets of conditions of contracts where risk is allocated to different contract parties, but the principals behind this allocation have not been stated . Construction contracts are one of the primary vehicles of risk allocation and management, Ibbs et al. (1986). Furthermore, (Bubshait and Almohawis, 1994) stated that when a contractor is working in an unfamiliar construction environment, one source of risk is the contract conditions. There is significant evidence in the literature that checklists are the most commonly used methods of risks identification.(Uher and Toakley, 1999, Akintoye and MacLeod, 1997, Simister, 1998), all stated that checklists recorded the highest use among practitioners of risk management as compared to other techniques. (Uher and Toakley, 1999) stated that the most commonly applied risk identification techniques were checklists, brainstorming and flowcharts. Other techniques such as questionnaires, scenarios building and case based approaches were less popular, while techniques such as influence diagrams and Hazop were largely unknown. (Akintoye and MacLeod, 1997) on the basis of the results of a survey of risk management techniques conducted on general contractors and project management firms, stated that checklists based on intuition, judgment and experience recorded the highest formality with the respondents. The authors also stated that checklists could not be considered as a formal technique. (Simister, 1998) indicated that traditional methods are still favored in the UK, even though the level of awareness of other formal and more complex techniques is high. The study listed 12 techniques and indicated a percentage of the current/past use as well as the level of awareness for each technique. Checklists were the most popular technique, followed by Monte Carlo Simulation, Project Evaluation and Review Techniques (PERT), Sensitivity Analysis and Decision Trees. (Hassanein and Afify, 2007) in their study about Risk management practices of contractors: a case study of power station projects in Egypt identified a marked lack of consistency in the contractors risk identification effort. Contractors possessing past experience in Egypt were far better able to identify the relevant risks. On the other hand, local Egyptian contractors with vast experience in Egypt but limited project management experience were shown to lack the necessary expertise to properly identify risks and to take the appropriate exceptions. Furthermore, the results revealed that bidders do not include in their proposals their true lists of exceptions which represent genuine risks to them.

Who Should Be Blamed For The H :: essays research papers

During Hitler’s reign as Fuhrer of Nazi Germany from 1933-1945, millions of innocent citizens of Poland, Czechoslovakia, and those of Jewish religion and race were executed. Hitler, although masterminding the plan of the perfect human race did not kill these people, rather ordered their deaths. In the early to mid-1940s death camps such as Auschwitz, Bergen-Belsen, Dachau, and Birkenau were created for the eventual extermination of the inferior peoples of Europe. Hitler commanded members of the Nazi party such as commandants, and SS troopers were ordered to follow through in the execution. The question is now, who is to blame for all of these deaths?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is impossible, in my opinion, to place the blame for all these deaths on one man’s shoulders. It is understandably argued that the soldiers and such were merely carrying out orders, yet they had the choice whether to follow through or not. The murderers claimed to be afraid to disobey the ever-powerful Fuhrer in fear of their own life. Yet, I still believe that no one can be ultimately forced to do something they do not want to. All humans have a choice to make decisions and follow their own path, which these men did not choose to do. For this, I believe the men should suffer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For example, Amon Goeth was Commandant of Plaszow, a work camp for Jews and Poles. Although, not a death camp specifically, thousands of men and women were executed within its confines. As leader of the camp, with direct orders from Hitler, he was expected to take part in the systematic elimination of the inferior peoples. Although only doing his job, he deserved punishment for his wrongdoings, as did all the other â€Å"butchers† of the camps.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Doctors were also under order of Hitler. They were used to perform experiments on the selected such as fertilization, immunization experimentation, and operations. These people were tortured and suffered blindness, immobility, among many other things. Once again, although these doctors were under order I believe that they should have suffered for what they had done to the prisoners.

The Indignity of the Church :: Essays Papers

The Indignity of the Church In the article â€Å"The Priest Scandal†, by Carol Cannon expresses her views in the American Journalism Review regarding the scandals within the Catholic Church. She continues to explain how the Catholic Church has been trying to keep the whole issue hidden from society. Carol Cannon makes a point how the media has struggled with pursuing this issue for many years, while America wasn’t ready to hear the truth on such a controversial topic. Carol Cannon is writing to many different groups. Catholics are probably going to be the most interested, but since this issue is so huge it affects many different audiences and ages. Cannon’s article on sexual child abuse by priests, is written through the use of logic, credibility and emotions. She displays a clear topic and supports with using reason along with values and beliefs. The claims that Cannon makes are logical because many priests have come forwards or been charged with child molestation. Cannon makes logical claims by issuing persuasive arguments on the issue that child molestation by priests has been covered up for years. She has been reporting on the issue of pedophilia by Church officials for more than 13 years. Cannon uses evidence to support her claim. She has a combination of evidence, some which of were interviews of children who were sexual molested by priests. Cannon, along with others has also been granted permission to explore archives where the priest’s cases have been taken to court. Cannon’s examples are convincing through her arguments. She also has credible sources of other journalists that wrote on the same topic as she did. Cannons argument appeal to everyday common sense because the issue has become such a big deal to Americans. The media has also played a large part in the growth of this topic. When reporters were told to pick another topic the news media didn’t listen and were heard. Since the issue of child molestation has been around for awhile, the public knows of the issue and has a stance on it. The structure of the article has much to do on the argument of the topic. The author starts out with her credibility and then a short narrative which is an attention getter.

Hieroglyphic Symbols Essays -- essays research papers fc

Hieroglyphic Symbols One of the many contributions that the Egyptian Empire gave modern society was the beginning of a complex alphabetic system. This system also set the foundation for the development of many other systems used by us today such as an accurate calendar and the mathematical formulas used by architects and doctors. The Egyptians named this system Hieroglyphic Symbols. Hieroglyphic comes from the Greek â€Å"hiero glyphica† which means â€Å"sacred carving†. Hieroglyphics were the first form of written communication in the Western world. The developments of hieroglyphics happened about three thousand years before Christ. Egyptians referred to Hieroglyphics as â€Å"the words of God†. But how did the Egyptians develop such a system? Well, the Egyptian traders noticed how helpful a written language was while they conducted business in the Land of Sumer and they brought some ideas to their land. The growing government and bureaucracy made it necessary to have some sort of system that could help society to keep track of history and business. It took a lot of time and effort for the Egyptians to develop their own hieroglyphic system. One of the main problems with hieroglyphics was its complexity. The system was so complicated and hard to learn that only royalty, scribes, priests, and government officials were able to understand the system. Hieroglyphic symbols began with pictures. At first the symbols represented only objects, but later they were also used to express ideas and ...

Negative and Positive Sides

Anything that exists has both negative and positive sides of it. What we have to look at however, is if the positive side outweighs the negative side of it. Most of the time people are blind to the positive side and only look at the negative side of things. This is also similar when it comes to hip hop and rap music. Hip hop has it negative side and the positive sides as well. One of the main negative issues associated with hip hop and drugs is usually the issue of its influence on and the promotion of drug use. Drugs are usually the main topic that is discussed in most of the hip hop songs and rap music. Marijuana for one is one of the main things that is discussed and sung of in many hip hop and rap music. Cocaine, another drug is also one topic that has been sung of by hip hop artists and rappers. Cocaine for example has been affiliated with rap since the year 1983. Since then, there has been a ton of rap songs that have actually promoted drug use. For example the song, â€Å"Young, Wild, and Free† by Wiz Khalifa is one that promotes the use of drugs. This can be a very bad influence on its target, that is, the teenage fan base. This is also an awful way to market ones music since it make it seem okay to use drugs and alcohol. Sadly though, the most people affected by this message are the teenagers who are the largest percentage of our population that listens to this kind of music. This can influence them to join the drug abused and even start the use of alcohol. Some other drugs that are mentioned in these songs include mushrooms, hash, purple pills and heroine most of which can be very harmful to the health of a person.Another negative side of hip hop music is that it has an influence on the sex lives of the youths. Nowadays, a lot of hip hop and rap music videos have a lot of sexual scenes in them. This in turn has an influence on the sexual decision that the youths make whenever they watch these videos. They tend to think that it is okay to intimate with whoever they want to despite the number of people. This has led to an increase in the risk of early pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections. Hip hop and rap music sometimes also promotes violence especially among teenagers. Hip hop music are mostly full of lyrics that depict people who break the law as cool and classy people. Rap music also has a negative view toward the police and the authorities. Most of the time their lyrics are full of hate for the police and have praise for people who go to jail in the name of their hate towards the police. This has an influence on the teenagers who may be tempted to think that escaping from the police and breaking the law is the new â€Å"cool† in town. Most of them may end up being killed or being jailed for petty crimes they see as cool. On the other hand though, hip hop has a lot of good and positive sides as well. First of all hip hop and rap music is unifier and an education channel. Hip hop stared as a subculture among the African Americans but has now become a global culture. As a matter of fact seventy five percent of the people listening to hip hop music are non-blacks. Hip hop has been able to unify millions of youths across the world. Nowadays due to hip hop, there has been the rise of street style dressing that has been depicted form the hip hop artists. This style of dressing has been adapted by the youths who are given a sense of identity by theses fashion trends. Hip hop and rap music has also been very vital in the promotion of political and social awareness. Rap music educates people on very many diverse perspectives and has been used to raise a lot of social issues. Rap has been used as a means for people to use to freely speak concerning their opinions on social and political issues. Through this, it engages the youths into becoming aware and concerned of their opinions and issues. This is very vital in enlightening the youth on the world they live in and the challenges that they are faced with in society and how they can change the situation for the better. One issue that hip hop and rap has helped to create awareness is the issue of racial discrimination and the importance of believing in one's dreams.Another positive side of rap is that it gives hope to the people who listen to it. Many rappers rap about poverty and the struggles they went through in their upbringing. When they become successful, they share their stories about beating obstacles and struggling to reach the top. This can give a lot of teenagers hope and can challenge them to strive to be the best. This is because if the rapper could make it, they too can. Through understanding and education, rap music has been a tool to spur social awareness in many communities. Rap music has been used to speak against violence and guns among other aspects of life. Most artists communicate a message of peace and anti-violence in their songs. Rappers like the late Tupac Shakur were most of the time criticized for painting a bleak picture of the urban America through their music. However, such lyrics usually brought awareness to the social problems faced by the country, particularly in the inner city. It is crystal clear that hip hop and rap music serves a greater purpose in society. It does more good than harm. Hip hop has been mechanism that gives a voice to the voiceless. It has become a tool to shape the youths on how to tackle the challenges and obstacles they meet in their lives. Hip hop has also been a toll to unite people from the many walks of life. Hip hop is more than just music. It is a culture that unites the world; it gives an identity to those who feel like they don't have one. Above all, it is good entertainment. Hip hop is thus very much relevant and useful to the society of today.

Facebook Addiction Disorder Essay

Nowadays, the new thing in is Facebook. The big Facebook has changed the life of millions. But is that a good or a bad thing? Well some would think it’s good, but in many cases it isn’t. A new type of addiction was formed, Facebook addiction disorder. This addiction leads, mostly teenagers, to become very addicted to Facebook, and cannot live without it. Critics say that there is, at least, six symptoms of F. A. D. Some have come up with ideas to beat this new addiction. Facebook has completely changed society, for the good and for the worse. The article written by B.  Earl, â€Å" Facebook Syndrome: 8 Ways To Beat Your Facebook Addiction†, explains ways to find out if you are addicted to Facebook. He also explains ways to beat Facebook syndrome. The article written by A. Summers, â€Å"Facebook Addiction Disorder- The 6 Symptoms of F. A. D. † , explains how much Facebook has changed people, specially teenagers. She also mentions six symptoms of F. A. D. B. Earl of The Daily Mind writes, â€Å" If you ever late for a meeting or an appointment because you were checking your updates on Facebook or watching a related video on YouTube, then you know you are addicted†. He is referring to someone’s action, and how the result of that may effect their daily lives. This just to show that this actually happens to people. Many people over sleep due to being on Facebook until late hours, and sometimes lose their job because of too many late or absences to work. A. Summers wrote on the SocialTimes,â€Å" Tolerance- This term is used to described the desperate behavior or a Facebook addict. They spend an increasing amount of time on the site, coming to a stage where they need it on order to obtain satisfaction or on the other extreme, it is having a detrimental affect on them as a person and their life†. Ms. Summer’s quote also relates to that of Mr. Earl. She also is stating how someone who is used to being on Facebook for a large amount of hours per day will get addicted. When one cannot use Facebook because they have to participate in activities and is not allowed to use Facebook, withdrawal signs become visible. Some signs are anxiety, distress, and they require the need to talk about Facebook and what goes on while one is restricted from using it (Summers). She is referring to withdrawal symptoms, just as alcohol or cigarettes have withdrawal symptoms. B. Earl states â€Å"get off the computer. Really†¦do you need to spend that much time on the computer? Honestly ask yourself that†. This relates to what Summers said because if people spent less time on the computer, and more time socializing with people the real way, they would not get withdrawals. Facebook should not get in the way of either one’s individuals studies nor their careers. Nowadays, over 90% of young teenagers have a Facebook account (Adam). This just to show how much Facebook has changed our society, and it’s influencing teenagers to be less social. Adam blogged â€Å"Facebook games have become increasingly popular, and once again, what started out as basic games such as Sudoku or Scrabble has now advanced to games where you can create a whole new world within your laptop and smartphone†. People do this every day and waste money constantly on these foolish internet games. This is what Adam is trying to get at with his blog, people are starting to become so anti-social. Teenagers are starting not know how to communicate to people face to face.